Pearson and Mcdonal Lawsuit Analysis Essay

Executive Summary There are two major lawsuits which the main populace has defined as frivolous. One of those cases is the McDonald’s split coffee case. This is the case where the plaintiff spilled her coffee and was rumored to sue McDonald’s for 2.7 million dollars and win. The other’s case is the Pearson dry cleaning case where a man sued Chung Dry Cleaner’s 54 million dollars for losing his pants. The plaintiff won in the McDonald’s Case and the Plaintiff lost in the Dry clearance’s case. In this paper we are going to dissect each case by the facts, the law, the issues, the ethical issues, the defendants preventative measures, and then the analysis of it all. Introduction Frivolous lawsuits have over taken our society by storm. Anywhere from someone suing over a pair of lost pants to a person suing over a coffee burn. But what is Frivalous? Perhaps there is more to see in each of these suits that was originally thought. In 1992 79-year-old Stella Liebeck spilled coffee on herself and sued McDonald’s for the coffee being too hot. In May 2005 Judge Roy Pearson sued Custom Cleaners for losing a pair of his pants. On paper both of the lawsuits look ridiculous and should be dismissed as soon as the titles are read. But when looking into the details one discovers propaganda hugely blown out of proportion on one case and the other being exactly what it looks like. What are the Facts? Factual evidence is what gives a case its meat, its substance, so without worthy facts it is very easy for a case to lose any of its stimuli. On the other hand sometimes the facts of a case with swift ones initial opinion in a complete 180. The Pant’s Suit and the McDonald’s Coffee Suit both have information to back the claim, however, only one can truly be deemed as proof. In My 2005 District of Columbia Administrative Law Judge Roy. L. Pearson claimed Custom Cleaners lost his pants. Judge Pearson said he â€Å"dropped off blue Saks Fifth Avenue suit pants with burgundy pinstripes at Custom Cleaners for $10.50 alteration and that the gray, cuffed pants they tried to return to him were not his (Andrea, 2007).† Pearson then proceeded to request Custom Cleaners, owned by the So Jin and Sooo Chung, pay him over $1,000 for a new suit. The Chungs refused and Pearson proceeded with a lawsuit asking for 65 million dollars. Before the suit went to trial the Chung’s tried to settle, offering Pearson up to 12,000 dollars but Pearson refused and instead lowered his suit to 54 million dollars (O’Rourke, 2007). The suit then proceeded to the court. Stella Liebeck was burned by coffee going through a McDonald’s drive-through. Her grandson, Chris Tiano, stopped the car in the drive through so she could put cream and sugar in the coffee. Ms. Liebeck placed the coffee between her legs, and when she pulled the top off the coffee it spilled on her (Press & Carroll, 1995). She suffered severe third degree burn injuries to her buttocks, groin, and inner thighs. She was hospitalized for eight days because of the severity and had to receive multiple skin grafting procedures. Ms. Liebeck was disabled for two years due to her injuries. McDonald’s had 700 previous customer burning cases prior to Ms. Liebeck’s case, and the company decided to keep their coffee temperature at 190 degrees Fahrenheit. Prior to going the lawsuit path, Ms., Liebeck originally requested McDonald’s settle for injury costs; however, the company offered her $800 instead. Ms. Liebeck did not receive 2.7 Million Dollars as most assume, inste ad she received a total of $640,000 included the complementary damages and the punitive damages (Litant, 1995). When laying out the facts of the â€Å"McDonald’s Coffee Case† as most call it, one is shocked to find themselves on Ms. Liebeck’s metaphorical side of the matter rather than McDonald’s. One must always review the facts to have any true understanding on the matter. After reviewing the facts given by the Pant’s Suit and the McDonald’s Coffee case, a person can identify what suit is missing necessary information. In the Pant’s Suit Pearson has no proof that Customer Cleaners lost his pants, it is all alleged. He could have forgotten them at his house or lost them himself, there is not any way to prove Custom Cleaner’s even lost his pants. But in the McDonald’s case it is easy to see the facts because they are all in statistics, in photographs, the facts are all in the evidence. One case is already losing it’s steam while another is gaining momentum, lets move on. What are the Issues? An issue is why a case is even occurring. One issue is burns from an overly hot cup of coffee. The other issue is emotional distress and financial loss due to a pair of missing pants. There may be isssues though that grow from these or are the issues really that simple? In the missing pants case, the issue is Judge Pearson’s pants were allegedly misplaced by Custom Cleaners. So how is it a pair of missing pants led to a suit battle that lasted over two years? There must have been other issues involved. First lets assess the facts we received, the pair of pants Custom Cleaners gave Mr. Pearson he claimed were not his, but they were his size and matched the alteration specification requested (Goldwasser, 2007). Other issues that grew from the case was the loss of business and harassment the Chung’s received due to Mr. Pearson’s harassment. Mr. Pearson would regularly go door to door in the neighborhood asking the community in which Custom Cleaners was centered for his support in the case against him. The Chung’s had to eventually close down the store. The issue that started this entire fiasco was a pair of missing pants, which ended up leading Judge Pearson not being re-appointed and a Custom Cleaners being shut down. After the suit Judge Pearson received a letter from the Commission on Selection and Tenure Administrative Law Judges they elected not to re-appoint him as judge and cited his pour performance as a judge and the Pants suit (Cauvin, 2007). The issues are simple to spell out for Ms. Stella Liebeck’s case. The issue, which brings about the other issues, is the plaintiff, Ms. Liebeck, received third degree burns when Mc. Donald’s coffee was spilt on her lap. The plaintiff requested the defendant pay for medical bills and work loss, the defendant refused and offered a minimal sum, which would not even cover attorney costs. The defendant does not want to lower temperature they keep their coffee at as it would lower the â€Å"optimum taste† of the product. The plaintiff was partially at fault for spilling the coffee; however, experts said if the coffee was not that hot then the injuries would never of occurred regardless of who spilled the coffee. Subsequently the issues are but they aren’t that simple. From one issue can spur another and that is the case for both lawsuits. Ms. Liebeck was severely burned by McDonald’s coffee and requested an accurate amount for her injuries, they refused, and it went to court  causing the issue of monetary loss and embarrassment for McDonald’s. The issue that grew from the Pearson case was the business loss the Chung’s received. In both cases the defendants each ended up having an issue of their own. What Law Applies? Law’s can be manipulated and misinterpreted easily. There is even a branch of the government solely dedicated to translating the constitution accurately and ethically. In both cases there are law’s that come about, but in one case it is clear the law was perversely utilized. In the Custom Cleaner’s case the suit stated Judge Pearson was, â€Å" defrauded by the owners of Custom Cleaners and by the ‘Satisfaction Guaranteed’ sign they had (Cauvin, 2007). He also sued for emotional distress and legal costs (O’Rourke, 2007). Under Tort Law Pearson could be under Negligent Tort for damages, if he illustrates actual damages. Judge Pearson chose to sue under Intentional Torts, more specifically under Emotional Distress. The problem most defendants have come to is that emotional distress is ambiguous. Anyone can claim emotional distress for everyone is different with his or her tolerances. The most intriguing aspect in this case, is that the Chung’s never sued Pearson for defacement. The Chung’s had proof, witnesses, everything they needed for a successful trial. So under law the Plaintiff stretched manipulated the law definitions with very little proof for a lawsuit and the defendant did not even attempt to gain retribution. In the case of Stell Liebeck vs. McDonald’s several torn law come into the play. The definition of a tort law is â€Å"an injury to another’s person or property.† In this case there were severe damages done to the plaintiff according to the facts. There are there separate types of torn cases, compensatory nominal, and punitive. Ms. Liebeck’s case fit under compensatory and punitive. Compensatory for the injuries she received to include the special damages of doctor bills. She also is covered under punitive damages for the company was fully aware of how hazardous their product was and still refused to change the temperature of their coffee. Also Ms. Liebeck is covered under the ‘Cause-in-Fact’ of negligent Tort, since McDonald’s never went forward with any preventative measures. Her esquire Mr. Reed Morgan noted three specific charges against McDonald’s; the first being their product was  unduly hazardous due to its temperature; the second being McDonald’s failed to give its consumers the necessary warnings of the temperature; the third being the consumers could not drink the coffee at the time it was served; therefore there was breach of warranty (Press & Carroll, 1995). Mr. Morgan had the option of using a plethora of Tort law’s on behalf of his client Ms. Liebeck, and he took full advantage of that fact like any attorney would do for their case and client. In the McDonald’s case the law was not overly used, because the ones they referenced were enough for their case to be heard and be successful. But the Pearson case was another matter, the plaintiff was clearly stretching the law to try and manipulate it for his own base needs. What did the judge/jury decide? The McDonald’s case was a jury trial and the Pants case was a judge trial. Both cases were caught up in the legal battle for over two years. When the pants case finally made it to trial the case was dismissed in two days. The McDonald’s case did take a little longer for there was a lot of evidence for them to go through and there were multiple decision makers rather than just one. The Judge in the pants case held the decision not the jury. D.C. Superior Court Judge Judith Bartnoff found for the defendant on all counts. Judge Bartnoff denied any damage costs to the Plaintiff and ordered Pearson to pay the defendants court costs (Cleaners 1, Judge 0 in case of missing pants, 2007). Usually when one is in the judgment of ‘one of their own’ they find on behalf of their own. However it was clear Judge Bartnoff saw the absurdity of Pearson’s claim when she found in behalf of the defendants. In the case of the spilled coffee most of the jury had a 180 from their original inclinations of the case. Going into the case Jury member Roxanne Bell said, â€Å"she was insulted†¦the whole thing sounded ridiculous to me.† After the Jury heard testimony from three witnesses their opinions of the case started to alter. The first expert witness was Doctor Charles Baxter who spoke to the grotesque photographs of Ms. Liebecks’s injury and â€Å"testified that coffee at 170 degrees would cause second –degree burns within 3.5 seconds of hitting the skin (Press & Carroll, 1995).† And since McDonald’s kept their coffee at 190 degrees it is safe to say, It was extremely easy for Ms. Liebeck to get third degree burns. The other two  witnesses were actually defendant witnesses, the first was a quality-assurance supervisor at McDonald’s, and the second was a safety consultant. The first witness was Mr. Christopher Apleton who testified that even though McDonald’s had received over 700 coffee burn complaints in 10 years the company refused to lower their temperatures. The second defendant witness was Mr. Robert Knaff, who’s main problem was he contradicted himself in the middle of his testimony. As first he was tring to describe that 700 burn complaints in ten years amounted to only one in twenty-four million coffee cups, but then he later said in his testimony, â€Å"a burn is a very terrible thing (Press & Carroll, 1995).† By saying a burn was a terrible thing, then it was no longer a trivial matter. At the end of the case Ms. Bell defended the jury’s decision by exclaiming, â€Å" it was our way of saying, ‘Hey, open your eyes. People are getting burnedà ¢â‚¬â„¢ (Press & Carroll, 1995).† The Jury decided to teach McDonald’s a lesson for the over all negligence they displayed in their refusal to acknowledge the multiple previous warning they had received regarding the hotness of their coffee. The Jury awardee Ms. Liebeck a total of $2.7 million dollars in punitive damages, which at that time, is the amount of money McDonald’s would make in a two-day span. The jury was overzealous on Ms. Liebeck’s behalf for they wanted to reform and punish McDonald’s so the judge had to step in Where as in the Pants suit the judge quickly ‘put down the hammer’ on Judge Pearson. Did the judge or jury make an appropriate decision based on the applicable law controlling the cases? Why or Why not? The judge and jury both made the appropriate decisions in the verdict award, but no the appropriate decision on the fiscal award. In the case of the missing pants the judge appropriately awarded the fiscal and the verdict. The in McDonald’s case the jury appropriately awarded the verdict but inappropriately awarded the fiscal amount. Judge Judith Bartnoff made the appropriate decision according the appropriate definition of tort law in the missing pants case. In interpreting the law one must as a judge throw out the absurd cases but still justly review it. In her review of the missing pants case it was clear Mr. Pearson was unduly persecuting the Chungs over a pair of pants. Mr. Pearson did not have work loss because Custom Cleaners allegedly misplaced a pair of pants, and he was not harmed in any way. In the McDonald’s case the  jury made the correct decision in awarding the suit to Ms. Liebeck, but they made in the incorrect decision in obnoxious amount they chose to grant. Instead of awarding Ms. Liebeck the amount she was due, the jury decided to take a matter for McDonald’s company policy into their own hands to try and reform by ‘punishing’ the company so much they would have no choice but to lower the temperature of their coffee from 190 degrees Fahrenheit. The judge was correct in overturning the jury’s decision from awarding Ms. Liebeck 2.7 million in punitive damages to $480 in punitive damages. The judge recognized the jury was correct in deciding the defendant was guilty, but they were overzealous in their need to reform McDonald’s company policy. Overall the verdict for both cases was fairly awarded. What are the ethical issues in the cases? Do the ethical issues differ from the legal issues? If so How? There are ethical issues easily seen in both the Pearson and the Liebeck cases. In one case the Plaintiff was unethical and I the other case the defendant was unethical. In the Pearson case the ethical issues and the legal issues do not appropriately correspond. It was unethical for Mr. Pearson to be allowed a lawsuit of $54 million dollars for a pair of pants, but he was legally allowed. It was unethical for Mr. Pearson to deface Custom Cleaners by putting up signs in that community against them, but he was legally allowed to. It was unethical for Mr. Pearson to demand Custom Cleaners, at the time of the incident, over $1000 for a new suit, but he was legally allowed to. Many people do not take manipulate and take advantage of the freedoms the United States allows its citizens, but there are those who will not only take advantage but make others look on in disgust for why he was allowed to do what he did. There are multiple ethical issues in the Liebeck case. The main one being responsibility. It is the responsibility of the company to listen to its consumers and McDonald’s failed to do so on multiple occasions. The other is knowingly harming other, McDonald’s knew there coffee had caused severe burns on other customers in the past but had refused to do anything about it, even when they were approached by the National Burn Victims Association to do so (Howard, 1994). In this case the ethical issues do not differ from the legal issues as each ethical issue directly corresponds with a broken law by McDonald’s. there are major ethical issues by the press, congress,  and other entities continuing to further there own agenda by only giving half truths concerning Ms. Liebeck’s case. There has been a significant push by Tort reformers due to the jury decision made in Ms. Liebeck’s case, but those are using severe propaganda to do so. Both of these cases have been described as â€Å"frivolous† lawsuits. Based on your research what do you think? Is either one or both of these cases frivolous? Intro Pearson Based on the research given, the Pants Suit case was a frivolous suit. A frivolous case is considered to be absurd, unneeded, and previously thought impossible. Judge Roy Pearson, a legal professional, most likely originally thought he could use the scare tactic with Customer Cleaners for the initial $1000 ask because of his power position. Instead when the defendant refused to pay that sum, the plaintiff lost his temper and in doing so lost his professional mind. The Plaintiff was not hurt, and he did not have any significant financial loss due to the initial incident. McDonald’s On paper Ms. Liebeck’s case looks frivolous; however, after examining the facts in no longer appears to be so. A woman did spill coffee on herself and did get burned, but she was severely burned from the hazardous temperatures McDonald’s kept there coffee of hat was not fit for human consumption. The amount the jury awarded her it what most of society deems obnoxious, bringing the classification of her lawsuit to frivolous in nature. When just looking at the injuries Ms. Liebeck received from the coffee temperature, one could never deem it a frivolous lawsuit, but there are those who will seek to capitalize on a lawsuit such as this by exclaiming half-truths in order to further their own agendas. Combine Regardless of what you think of the lawsuits, how could the business owners have prevented them? What advice can you give them for the future? Intro Pearson When digging into the details of the case a very simple business practice alteration could have prevented the entire debacle in the missing pants case. Currently the Chungs have a ticketing system where they place the ticket number and article size on the clothing. However if they added to that ticket and item description the debacle could have been avoided. In doing this the customer is helped and so is the company. McDonald’s It was rather obvious when looking through the facts of the McDonald’s case how the company could have prevented their lawsuit, That is one of the main reason’s they lost the case, is because due to their sever negligence in ignoring their consumer complaints, the jury was abhorred by the company. Very simply put McDonald’s once receiving the first customer complaint should have completed testing to see what would keep their coffee at a great taste with a less hazardous temperature. Similar to other institutes had done at the advice of the Shriner’s Burn Institute lowering their temperature to 135 to 140 degrees (Litant, 1995). In the future, some advice McDonald’s should take is to listen to their customers, if there are several complaints regarding one item, then the item either needs to be altered or discontinued. Combine Conclusion

Unit 4222- 264 the Principles of Infection Prevention and Control

| UNIT 4222- 264 THE PRINCIPLES OF INFECTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL | | | | | | | | | |We as health care assistants, such senior health carer , we all have different kinds of roles and | | | | |responsibilities that we have to follow.We have to always be aware of and report changes in the health |264 |1 |1 | |conditions of the individuals that we support. We also have a responsibility to assist with keeping work areas, and| | | | |equipment clean, tidy and free from infection hazards. Related article: Outline Procedures For Infection Control In Own Work Setting in a NurseryWe are also encouraged to maintain good personal hygiene for | | | | |ourselves as well as our service users. For example, helping service users bath, use the toilet and change remove and| | | | |dispose of any soiled clothing. Another responsibility we hold is preparing and maintaining environment before and | | | | |after episodes of patient care. | | | |Following â€Å"Health and Safety Legislation† our employer like other employers must: | | | | |- write and communicate a health and safety policy, including an infection control policy | | | | |- carry out risk assessments to assess infection hazards and risks and ensure that, where possible, infection risks | | | | |are eliminated | | | | |- provide equipment which is safe and properly maintained | | | | |- make sure there are safe systems of work and adequate supervision |264 |1 |2 | |- make sure safety procedures are followed | | | | |- provide a safe working environment | | | |- provide employees with adequate information, training and supervision necessary to ensure their health and safety | | | | |at work | | | | |- provide and maintain any necessary Personal Protective Clothing (PPE), equipment and safety devices free of charge | | | | |-provide adequate welfare facilities to allow employees to maintain good levels of personal hygiene (i. e. proper | | | | |toilet and washing facilities). | | | | | | | | | |Current legislation and regulatory body standards which are relevant to the prevention and infection control are: | | | | |- The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 | | | | |-The Public Health (Control of Diseases) Act 1984.Provides information on the legal requirements for the reporting | | | | |of contagious or infectious diseases | | | | |- Food Safety Act 1990. The requirements of this act apply to any area where food is prepared, stored or eaten. | | | | |Control is required to ensure that the risks of any infection, as a result of bad handling of food, are minimised. | | | | |- Food Hygiene Regulations 1995. These regulations also require that employees who handle food as part of their | | | | |normal duties should also undertake specific food hygiene training. | | | |- Reporting Injuries Diseases and Dangerous Occurrence Regulations (RIDDOR) 1995. The employer or manager in control |264 |2 |1 | |of work premises has a responsibility under RIDDOR to report any work related accidents or disease which result in | | | | |serious injury or an employee being â€Å"off sick† due to injury for more than three working days. | | | | |- The Public Health (Infectious Diseases) Regulations 1998. | | | | |Describe the reporting systems and the types of disease which must be reported. | | | |- Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999. Requires all staff to be provided with adequate and | | | | |appropriate training and a set of working instructions demonstrating â₠¬Ëœsafe working practices' for work related | | | | |activities. | | | | |- Controls Assurance Standards – HSC 2000/02. This standard provides a framework to control and manage infection. | | | | |In our care home are required to ensure effective protection and to minimise the risk of healthcare associated | | | | |infections.Effective prevention and control must be applied consistently by everyone and all staff must demonstrate | | | | |good infection control and hygiene practice. Roles and responsibilities of members of staff in the organisations are:| | | | |personal hygiene requirements, when and how to use personal protective equipment’s, decontaminating equipment, safe | | | | |handling and disposal of clinical waste, managing blood and bodily fluids products and spills, maintaining a clean | | | | |environment, cleaning routines and requirements, how to record and report accidents and incidents. | | | | | | | | |Procedures and systems relevant to the prevention and infection control are: | | | | |-cleaning is a process that removes foreign material from an object. Cleaning is normally accomplished by the use of | | | | |water, mechanical action and detergents. It may be manual or mechanical, using ultrasonic cleaners or | | | | |washer/disinfectors that may facilitate cleaning and decontamination of some items and reduce the need for handling. | | | | |-disinfection is a process that reduces the number of pathogenic icroorganisms from objects or skin, to a level | | | | |which is not harmful to health. Disinfection can be carried out by either thermal or chemical processes. Thermal | | | | |disinfection is preferred whenever possible. It is generally more reliable than chemical processes, leaves no | | | | |residues, is more easily controlled and is non-toxic. | | | | |-decontamination of equipment and the environment is a process which removes or destroys microorganisms to render an | | | | |object safe for use.It includes cleaning, disin fection and sterilisation. |264 |2 |2 | |-sterilisation is a process that destroys all microorganisms including bacterial spores. Sterilisation is | | | | |accomplished principally by steam under pressure (autoclaving), dry heat, by ethylene oxide gas or low temperature | | | | |steam and formaldehyde. | | | | |The outbreak of an infection within a care home can have serious consequences for people who come into contact with | | | | |contaminated person and also for the entire organization.An individual who acquire an infection will require medical| | | | |treatment or antibiotic therapy, if the individual does not take medical treatment it may be risk of spread of the | | | | |infection in that entire care home. Some infections may require the patient to be isolated from others to help | | | | |prevent and control the spread of infections, for example infection chest. | | | | | | | | | |In my opinion risk is the probability that an event will occur.We can say that: a person may be at risk when there | | | | |is the chance to be injured, to cause harm, to become infected of a desease or something that can put your life in |264 |3 |1 | |danger. A hazard can cause harm or adverse effects to individuals as health effects or to organizations as property | | | | |or equipment losses. | | | | | | | | | |Me like care worker, I can be exposed to various potential infection within the workplace. These include the most | | | | |common infections like: colds, flu, diarrhoea, vomiting.We, carers assistants often come into contact with clients | | | | |blood and body fluids, which can cause greater infections risks and may include also the risk of acquiring hepatitis | | | | |or HIV, scabies ,this last one can be spread by touch. | | | | |We are also exposed to infections spread through the air, such as tuberculosis and swine flu, ,this are quite rare. | | | | |Other airborne infections such as streptococcal infections are more common and can lead to sore throats and raise d | | | | |temperature. | | | | |A a care worker, I can be a source o infection to the people I provide care for, because these people are at an | | | | |increased risk of acquiring an infection.In this cause I must to take precautions to minimize the risk of cross | | | | |infection. | | | | |Even if I only have a common cold, I must to check my care home ‘s sickness policy and to inform my manager if I am | | | | |sick . | | | | |The process of carrying out a risk assessment content 5 steps: | | | | |Step 1 Identify the hazards | | | | |Step 2 Decide who might be harmed and how | | | |Step 3 Evaluate the risks and decide on precautions | | | | |Step 4 Record findings and implement them | | | | |Step 5 Review assessment and update if necessary |264 |3 |2 | |A risk assessment is one of the most important assessments. The measures put in place to reduce the potential harm | | | | |from these risks, for example ensuring adequate PPE is available for staff to use. | | | |Under th e â€Å" Health and Safety at Work Act 1974†, all employers have a legal responsibility to protect the health and | | | | |safety of their employees and anyone else using the work place, in care homes this would include clients, friends and| | | | |family. The risk assessment is one of the most important assessment an employer can undertake to protect these people| | | | |as well as their organisation’s reputation. The assessment identifies the risks in the workplace and the measures | | | | |put in place to reduce the potential harm from these risks, ex. ensuring adequate PPE is available for staff to use. | | | |Failure to undertake a risk assessment is illegal because put at risk the health and safety of all people who is |264 |4 |1 | |inside of care home, especially the most vulnerable, the residents who are living there and about we are providing | | | | |care for. | | | | | | | | | |Personal protective equipment (PPE) is used by us, health care assistants to prot ect us and also the people who | | | | |receive care from harm, to protect our skin and mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, and mouth from exposure to blood | | | | |or other potentially infectious body fluids or materials and to avoid contact. All PPE should be removed when |264 |4 |2 | |leaving the resident care area. | | | |The different types of PPE used in care health are: | | | | |- Uniform – is important to wear the uniform only at work place to reduce the risk of infections. The uniform should | | | | |be clean every day and should be changed if become soiled. | | | | |-Gloves – prevent gross contamination of the hands when touching body fluids; reduce the likelihood that | | | | |microorganisms present on the hands of personnel will be transmitted to an individual during invasive or other | | | | |individual care procedures.Gloves may have small, unapparent defects or may be torn during use, and hands can become| | | | |contaminated during removal of gloves ha nd hygiene is essential before donning another pair of gloves. | | | | |- Aprons – protect the uniform from becoming soiled during wound care or toileting the resident. Should be placed | | | | |over the uniform before activities involving body fluids. Blue aprons when feeding a resident, white aprons for | | | | |toileting, bath and wound care. | | | | |- Masks – should be used when microorganisms might be present in the air.Visors can be attached to provide full face| | | | |protection; | | | | |-Goggles – protect eyes; | | | | |-Hats |264 |4 |3 | |-Visors | | | | |-Face shields – protect face, mouth, nose and eyes; | | | |- Shoes – every employer require a type and colour of shoes. The shoes must be comfortable and do not have high heels| | | | |or opened toe. | | | | |Any PPE equipment used must be handled correctly to be efficient. Before to use any PPE equipment we need to wash | | | | |properly our hands. | | | | |Important key points about PPE:-done before contact with the client,-use carefully , don’t spread the | | | | |infection,-remove and discard carefully, and immediately wash your hands properly. | | | |Gloves -we must used them from â€Å"clean to dirty† |264 |4 |4 | |-limit opportunities for† touch contamination†, protect us, others and | | | | |the environment | | | | |-don’t touch our faces or adjust PPE with contaminated gloves | | | | |-don’t touch environment surfaces except as necessary during client | | | | |care | | | | |-change gloves during use if torn and heavily soiled, even during use on | | | | |the same client; | | | | |-discard in appropriate receptacle, never wash or reuse disposable | | | | |gloves. | | | | |Under Health and Safety at Work Act 1974, it is made clear that if items of PPE are required, then they must be | | | | |provided free by the employer. Under same Act, are specific regulations which specifically address PPE, this are: | | | |-Perso nal Protective Equipment at Work Regulation 2002 | | | | |-Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 |264 |5 |3 | |-Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002(COSHH) | | | | |The responsibility regarding the use of PPE is in section 7 of the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 and impose all| | | | |care workers to take responsible care for their own health and safety and that of others who may be affected by their| | | | |acts or omissions at work, in our case ,our residential clients. | | | |The important responsibilities include: | | | | |-attending training provided by the employer relating to how to use PPE | | | | |-using PPE in accordance with training |264 |5 |2 | |-taking responsible care of all PPE provided by the employer | | | | |-returning PPE to the correct storage accommodation provided for it after use | | | | |- reporting to the employer any loss or obvious defect as soon as possible. | | | | |Under the Health and Safety at Work Act 197 4, employers have the responsibility to ensure, as far as possible the | | | | |health, safety and welfare at work.Employers have a duty of care under the Personal Protective Equipment at Work | | | | |Regulations 2002: | | | | |-properly assessing the need for PPE and assessing PPE before it is used to ensure it is suitable | | | | |-providing free PPE to employees | | | | |-ensuring PPE are maintained and stored properly | | | | |-providing employees with adequate information, instruction and/or training on its use. | | | | |-ensuring employees follow the training provide and that they use the PPE provided. | | | |When removing its recommended to avoid touching as much is possible to reduce the risk of transferring pathogenic | | | | |organisms. Washing should be at a temperature at least 60 degree and separately from other cloths. Gloves should be | | | | |applied on clean, dry hands and ensure there are no holes and tears and is the correct size. When remove gloves grab | | | | |the cuff one glove with the opposite hand, while still holding the removed glove pull of the second by holding the | | | | |cuff and pulling down over hand, dispose gloves and wash hands.Aprons should be applied over uniform and after use | | | | |removed carefully do not touching the front of the apron. The apron will end up securely enclosed in the gloves and | | | | |disposed. Masks should be removed by untying the bottom tie then the top tie and moving it away from face by holding | | | | |the ties, after dispose it. Visors should be removed sliding the visor up and away from face. Should be cleaned and |264 |5 |1 | |decontaminated as appropriate and then dried. Shoes should be cleaned and decontaminated as required. | | | |Masks, hats, gloves and aprons are classed as clinical wastes are regarded as high risk items. They must be disposed | | | | |carefully to reduce the risk of cross infection. When removing PPE avoid touching the contaminated surface, remove | | | | |the item s before moving to the next resident, place the items in the correct waste containers ready for collection, | | | | |decontaminate equipment such as visors and return them to their correct storage accommodation, inform manager if any | | | | |PPE is damaged or stock levels are low. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |As a care assistant I’m a model and need to set a good example because I have a vital role to play in the prevention | | | | |and control of infection and this start with my own personal hygiene, daily body hygiene, baths or showers, washing | | | | |hands when appropriate, keep clean hair and tied up if is long, wear clean cloths, uniform, clean nails and | | | | |well-trimmed free from polish, remove jewellery except small earrings and wedding ring. | | | |Hand-washing is the single most important aspect of prevention and control of infection and nevertheless the most | | | | |neglected practice. A good hand washing reduce the risk of cross infection and also can signif icantly reduce the | | | | |presence of pathogenic organisms on the hands. | | | | |As well, an effective hand washing technique aims to remove dirt, organic material and pathogenic organisms such as | | | | |those found in blood, faeces and respiratory secretions like expectoration. |264 |5 |4 | |After we washed our hands, it’s very important as well to dry them with absorbent disposable paper towels. | | | |The correct sequence for hand washing is: | | | | |I Rub palm to palm | | | | |II Rub palm over back of hand, fingers interlaced | | | | |III Palm to palm fingers interlaced | | | | |IV Fingers interlocked into palm |264 |5 |5 | |V Rotational rubbing of thumb clasped into palm | | | | |VI Rotational rubbing of clasped fingers into palm. | | | |Hand washing should be carried out: | | | | |-before putting on a clean uniform or PPE, | | | | |-before any aseptic procedure, | | | | |-after resident contact, | | | | |-after removing PPE, | | | | |-after using the toilet, | | | | |-before eating, handling food, | | | | |-after finishing work. | | | |The types of products should be used for hand washing: |264 |5 |6 | |- General hand washing soap used for routine hand wash has minimal ability to destroy microorganisms and is useful to| | | | |remove dirt, grease and loosely adhered microorganisms. | | | | |- Disinfectant hand wash is commonly used in clinical areas for clinical purposes. | | | | |-Surgical scrub solutions- used for antiseptic procedures, these solutions can lead to dry skin and irritations. | | | | |- Alcohol gel used where sinks and soap is unavailable immediately after contact with patient. | | | |Correct procedures that relate to skin care are: maintaining healthy skin, maintaining body hygiene, apply | | | | |moisturising cream, do not use a substance unless it is identified, always read the label on a product before use it,| | | | |wear the correct gloves for the task and as instructed, never wear gloves which are torn or share gloves with another| | | | |person, wash hands after removing gloves, report immediately to the manager any: skin irritation or puncture wounds, | | | | |cuts or abrasions which occur at work and obtain first aid if necessary, cover cuts and wounds with a waterproof | | | | |self-adhesive plaster when at work and change it at least daily. | | | | |264 |5 |7 | | | | | | |Sources: | | | | | | | | | |http://www. wales. nhs. uk/sites3/Documents/739/RCN%20infection%20control. doc. pdf | | | | |http://www. markedbyteachers. com/as-and-a-level/healthcare/describe-the-roles-and-responsibilities-of-staff-in-relatio| | | | |n-to-infection-prevention-and-control-in-a-health-or-social-care-workplace. tml | | | | |-â€Å"Health and Social Care Level 2 Diploma† – book | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

USC Law School Personal Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

USC Law School Personal Statement - Essay Example The reporter highlights "as a relatively naive and callow freshman, I envisioned myself eventually pursuing a career in business, simply to appease those who incessantly questioned me regarding my major and future profession. Nonetheless, I, fortunately, maintained an open mind and after my first few weeks of Law 200, taught by the legendary late USC law professor Charles Whitebread, I realized that I had discovered my passion. From reading cases on my own during the classroom discussions, I found myself frequently checking the clock, wishing that our current discussion regarding child law or the 4th amendment would continue indefinitely. However, much to my chagrin, although I had finally found a subject that truly captivated and excited me, USC did not offer an undergraduate law program. Being disappointed and still having an undeclared major, I once again maintained an open mind. Transferring into USC’s prestigious business school could wait; I wanted to continue exploring my options of study. After over a year of exploring, and now because of mounting pressure from even USC to finally choose a major, I made the best educational decision of my young life. I chose to pursue not one but two majors, a double major in political science and economics. After my declaration of double major, I am astounded by my intellectual and analytical development. Before choosing my double major, I accepted the lessons of my classes and professors merely at face value. For example, if I was taught to approach an issue or problem in a certain way, I would learn the method for that approach and then merely regurgitate that method . This form of learning actually proved successful for me throughout my high school and early college years. However, my economics and political science double major forcefully developed me into an analytical, questioning, and most importantly, active learner."

Mandatory and discretionary Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mandatory and discretionary - Research Paper Example Mandatory spending is that part of the federal budget which is allocated by law toward the provision of such programs as social security and Medicare. Mandatory expenditures are the payments required by specific laws. Discretionary budgets are renewed annually as part of the budgeting activity (Novick, Morrow & Mays, 2014). This form of spending is negotiated by the President and the Congress every year through annual appropriation bills such as funding for cabinet department. Most public health programs fall within the mandatory budgets because they involve the allocation of proper medical care to the public through construction of health care facilities, building hospital, provision of health insurance and proper home care to the elders (Pickett & John, 1990). These programs also relate to creation of awareness to the public on benefits of maintain proper health. An example of an expenditure that is considered mandatory is funding for defense and security which is necessary to maintain law and order as well as security to the citizens. An example of a discretionary expenditure would be funding for such activities as housing, educations and space exploration (Pickett & John, 1990). This is so because, the weight of the needs of these services is not so mandatory but necessary for state

The feasibility of producing frozen foods for export in Thailand Case Study

The feasibility of producing frozen foods for export in Thailand - Case Study Example Additionally, a similar analysis will be conducted for the four foreign countries. If economic conditions in these countries are feasible for foreign export, then the project is also feasible. Lastly, this research aims at proposing the best international business management tactics in those respective countries. Thailand is a country located in the Eastern part of the Asian Continent. The country has a lot of potential in its food industry because agriculture is one of the mainstays of the Thailand economy. Currently, the industry is dominated by the sale of fresh foods both within the country and also as exports. Very little has been done in the development of the ready- to - eat/ frozen foods section of the industry yet that country has more than enough resources and raw materials to start development in this line of business. Besides, there is a ready market in the country and outside for the products. Some of the countries that could be potential markets for frozen food from Thailand include the US, UK, China and Japan.1 The research topic deals with the introduction of frozen foods from Thailand into foreign markets. ... Therefore, there is a need for one to examine the feasibility of such a venture. This is because before one penetrates into a certain market there are a number of factors that need to be examined to ensure that the venture will be a success. Economic policies within the country of origin must be examined to certify that they favour the exportation of certain commodities. This ought to be examined against the backdrop of that country's economy. A researcher should examine how the Thailand economy is and what level of industrial growth has the country achieved. On top of that, one should ascertain that the country will be able to produce quality frozen foods and that it will be able to sustain that level of production. Some of the factors that could act as a deterrent to the success of exported products include; low purchasing power high wage costs poor climatic conditions availability of raw materials availability of product alternatives2 Therefore, the research should ascertain that these factors are not present in Thailand before it can give a go ahead to the production of frozen foods in the area. There is also need for research in this area because one needs to asses whether there is a ready market for the goods that will be produced by Thailand. In the process of examining this, one should look at consumer behaviour in target countries like the US and China and find out whether there will be a positive attitude towards goods from Thailand. In addition, the export potential of the product should also be assessed. Export market potential is the ability of a product to sell in foreign countries. This is normally assessed by analysing performance in the country of origin. Beside these,

Personal and Social Relationships Research Paper

Personal and Social Relationships - Research Paper Example On the other hand, there are some who find it hard to reveal the experiences they have had before to people around them. (Lerner, 1986) When it comes to making friends, what matters is whether you have the same kind of experience the other person has and also the readiness you have to share with the other person. At the same time, you should be willing to listen to their experience because he or she might be having a different experience other than yours or nearly the same. This is very important because it makes them feel that they are recognized by the person to whom he is sharing the same experience. Because of this he or, she will al, ways be willing to share with the same friend and this, in turn, strengthens your relationship. (Kling, 1996) On the other hand, it is easy to for one to lose a friend if you don’t give him time to share out what he has to with you. If a friend listens to you it is very important that you equally give him or the same attention. Friends are ve ry important because in time of need they will always be ready to stand for you before other people. Their company also proves to be very interesting when hanging out. (In Smelser, 1963) Some people may find it difficult to relate wi, the others because they have specific interests only in particular areas. It might be because that people around them don’t share similar interests. ...They normally meet and discuss certain issues which all of them tend to prioritize. Currently, the internet has greatly contributed to grouping these people with specific interests together. Regardless of place and time they can easily interact through the Sometimes at the early stages of a relationship it may feel easy and exciting but for a long-lasting relationship, both partners must be actively involved by giving their efforts in building the relationship. Building a good foundation is very important for a relationship and this involves respect between the partners as well as appreciating wh at your partner has done for you. For example, in couples, they always tend to appreciate whatever has been done for them even if it is something small. This may also mean taking into consideration what your partner says and then giving compliments. This makes either of the partners feel that he or she is valued in a relationship. (Brody, 1994). Furthermore, the partners in the relationship may try to discover what they both have in common so that whenever they are spending time both will be enjoying the same things. As much as people are not perfect any of the partners can make a mistake in a relationship and because of this, there must be an established way of apologizing for the mistake. This is important because it makes the other partner feel that you are responsible for the actions you did. Sometimes partner in a relationship may get a topic which they will never come to an agreement and on such occasions, both have to agree to disagree and continue with the relationship. (Mar inelli, 1999).

Cold War Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cold War - Coursework Example The term the â€Å"Cold War† was first used by George Orwell in his article that was published in 1945 referring to what he predicted would be a nuclear stalemate between the world’s two monstrous super powers (Walker, 1995). Since the USSR and the USA fought as allies during the Second World War, it was expected that their relationship would subsequently be friendly and firm. However, this never happened and instead they turned out to be enemies and rivals (Sheehan, 2003). This paper will discuss the Cold War and its various aspects including the nature of the war; causes of the war; the effects of the war; the end of the war; and the aftermath of the Cold War. The Nature of the Cold War After the Second World War, the USSR and the US emerged as the world’s two superpowers with profound ideological, political and economic differences. These two superpowers were very distrustful of each other; they lacked mutual understanding of alien culture and each sought to e nhance their economic and military capabilities (Gaddis, 2007). Both of them created some of the most intriguing economic and political policies, and developed weapons of destructive capability. So, what exactly was the nature of the Cold War? This question can be answered by understanding the ideological, economic and political policies that each of them upheld and attempted to spread to other parts of the world. All these policies were largely aimed at enhancing these two superpowers’ individual political and economic capability within the international system. They each wanted to control a large number of allies on their sides and to benefit from resources from the allies that they would have wooed to their side (LaFeber and LaFeber, 2008). On one side, the US advocated for democratic states characterized with periodic free elections, upholding of rule of law, respect of human rights, freedom of expression and movement, and constitutionalism among others. On the other hand , the USSR was advocating for autocratic states characterized with fixed or no elections and limited freedoms and rights among citizens (Walker, 1995) The USSR preferred states that have strong central government and whose citizens have limited freedoms and rights. Also, the US on one hand pushed for capitalism as the preferred economic system around the world, while the USSR advocated for communism as her preferred economic system. Capitalism is an economic system that is founded on the concept of individualism and free market (LaFeber and LaFeber, 2008). On the other hand, communism is founded on the concept of collectivism and state control of the markets. In pursuing their divergent interests, the US and the USSR separately acquired allies mainly in Asia, Africa and Eastern Europe. The conflict between these two superpowers became increasingly apparent through military coalitions with their respective allies, espionage, nuclear and conventional arms race, strategic conventional military deployments, enormous propaganda campaigns, as well as through technological competitions (Gaddis, 2007). Causes of the Cold War Historians are of the view that there were multiple factors that caused the Cold War. The first main cause was that the Soviet Union wanted to propagate and spread its communism ideology worldwide and this alarmed the Western world and especially the Americans

Critical review on the movieThe lottery directed by Madeleine Sackler Movie

Critical on the movieThe lottery directed by Madeleine Sackler - Movie Review Example As per the film, the UFT fight to repossess the closed down building of a public school whose ownership changes to that of Harlem group of schools. In contrast, the UTF and the public view this move as one to degrade the public schools, which is not. A summary of the movie’s argument The film follows in the lives of four children namely Eric Jr., Ameenah, Greg Jr., and Christian whose backgrounds are seemingly different. The film portrays them as being the carriers of the ambitions and dreams of what their parents could not achieve in their hay days. The four children compete for the one opening available in the school. However, the events surrounding the schools closure give a twist to the whole story. A better part of the anti-charter schooling activists fight all through to lock out Harlem School from accessing public money. In addition, the closure of the public school draws the view that charter schools are better than those public schools. The film depicts the stakes on public education, as not all the stakeholders participate in deciding whether the Harlem Success School should possess the collapsed public school. The chances of winning these lotteries are relatively low, but the movie shows that it is worth trying their luck. The demands and hindrances posed by the teachers’ unions are a constant hurdle that public schools have to overcome. In essence, it makes the quality of learning in public schools to deteriorate. The argument brought out in this film is that they need not do away with public schools but should create more charter schools to benefit many. Sackler’s argument was that for her, she was not a politician but she only wanted to point out the real picture of the situation in the society. About the interview she had with Barry Weiss, the movie was not in any way political, as it did not take any political stand. It neither took sides nor did point accusing fingers at any one. She argues that the inspiration behind the f ilm was the number of disappointed parents she had witnessed during a lottery selection process. The need to ascertain why parents opted to undergo the risky fifty-fifty chance to acquire this chance for their children inspired her to do the film. Essentially, the movie’s argument was on why the chances to attend charter schools were necessary to many parents and children alike. Secondly, Sackler’s argument was that the future of public education was also at stake. According to Weiss, her stumbling upon a group of protesters protesting against the current state of the public schools inspired her into doing the film. The fact that UTF had paid Acorn to silence them over the advocacy of charter schools to public schools during the protest was also present in the film. As per her film, the level of bureaucracy in the public schools and the governing of public schools were detrimental to the children’s future. Therefore, her argument was that a broader look in to th e affairs of the teachers’ unions responsible for the running of public schools was a matter of importance. Her argument was if there were high ranked institutions that could accord high quality of education, and then why not create many others. Thirdly, Miss Sackler argues that many parents ignore what the charter school is about hence they just view it as a gateway to success for their children. In essence, she uses a deaf

Communication Technologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Communication Technologies - Essay Example Then the ethical side of the matter is discussed. Two theories are drawn (Utilitarian and Kantian) to find out is it moral to monitor company's personnel. The third part of the paper is devoted to social responsibility. It is argued that a widespread use of monitoring techniques that intrude into employees' private life indicates the low level of social responsibility among employers, which in fact damages their own business. The section also brings recommendations on how to improve privacy preservation within the company and explains what benefits a company will receive. As the communication technologies continue to develop, the topic of workplace privacy becomes increasingly important. A hundred years ago manager was able to monitor his subordinates only through visual observation and mail check, if a business was related to frequent use of post services. Later, with the spread of telegraphic communication the tension of employers rose up, although it was still very hard for employees to misuse business channels for private purposes. Thus, there was little need in monitoring the use of business communication by personnel. Everything has changed with the development of phone, and later, e-mail. With the ease of access to better methods of communication, employers often use the chance to monitor their employees' activity, justifying their actions as concern for productivity. From the employees' side the monitoring of their phone calls and e-mail messages on the workplace is often perceived as the intrusion into privacy. Consequently, complaints of em ployees drive them to court bringing suits against their employees. So far most of such cases were resolved in favor of employers, as can be seen from examples illustrated later in the paper. The legal side of the matter of workplace privacy is observed in the next section. Law is on the Employer's Side Most of the developed Western countries have a twofold legislation on the monitoring of employees' workplace activity by employers. For example, in the US interception of wire and electronic communications is prohibited (Electronic Communication Privacy Act, 18, USC 2511, 1986). However the same law has some exceptions, allowing employers to monitor business phones and emails of their employees in most of the cases: It shall not be unlawful under this chapter for a person acting under color of law to intercept a wire, oral, or electronic communication, where such person is a party to the communication or one of the parties to the communication has given prior consent to such interception. (Electronic Communication Privacy Act, 18, USC 2511, 1986) Prior consent may be given each time an employee uses communication devices, or implied. Nevertheless, "the fact that an employee merely knows that the employer has the capability to monitor telephone conversations is not sufficient to establish implied consent" (Nuterangelo, 2004). An employee must be aware of monitoring. Therefore, every employee that uses communication services belonging to employer is in the same 'party' with his employer, allowing him to intercept every message or call. Moreover, each employee that was informed in some way (e.g. contract agreement) of using work phones or computers for

Burning Bright Essay Example for Free

Burning Bright Essay In `Fahrenheit 451 Burning Bright (First Half): Bradbury’s style of writing is represented in poetic elements: he shows his subtle mastery of words with effective use of figures of speech and finds a space among words to convey emotional circumstances. His message though the story portrays in succinct terms the futility of man, the rat-race that marks his life and the challenges that mar his interaction with others, not different from. The part of the story that is used in this review begins with the betrayal of Mortag by Mildred: Mildred runs from vengeance and meets danger at the end. Mortag feels regret fore her because o his love for her. Its main crux is the confrontation between Beatle and Mortag. As events unfold, Bettle becomes self aware and this contributes to his death: his self awareness paves the way for his demise at the hand of Mortag’s weapon, Fire. With this tool, Mortag enjoys burning houses and becomes convinced by Bettle that fire relieves his problems. Fire places Mongat under subjugation and also liberates him because he uses the power of fire. Montag realizes the errors in his actions. He discovers he is like others by the way he thinks: he does what is different from what he feels. This dualism is present in every one. As he watches the scene of his life on the TV set with Faber, he realizes how he could have concluded his life. He is still concerned about fame, emotions and knowledge. The final image blinks hope ahead of Montag as sprinkles drop, in conquest of the power of fire. There are salient points of contact between this story and the real world where we live: first is the power of emotion especially love. In this context, when one is offended by the one he loves, the reaction is usually different from the one whom the person does not love. On the other hand, if you dislike an person, you are likely to react worse to their errors, especially when they attempt to harm you. For your loved ones, you are surprised and find answers to your questions on why they acted the way they did. Then, you quickly find a lovely heart to forgive them. This also happened to Mortag because of his interaction with Mildred. Besides, escape is vague. Mildred attempts to escape but nemesis runs ahead. In life, nemesis catches up with crime and criminal acts. It may take time but vengeance always occurs. It may even be subtle yet it happens. This is just compliant with the Law of conservation of energy in science: no energy is lost; it is only converted from one to another. In a similar way, harm is converted in repay to another form. The unprecedented evils that befall us may be a repercussion fore some others w have inflicted on others in the past, which in most cases we can not remember. Besides, such evils could have even been inflicted directly on ourselves. It is not impossible, and there is a reaction to the action. The interesting simulation to life in this splendid work of art in words is the representation of the intrinsic duality in man. We decide to do things but we do something else. We love to change but we are stuck with our old way of life. It is a mystery science has found it difficult to break, philosophy only worsens and arts make this into a mere play. But the truth is that we are faced with the same challenge every day: that’s why our efficiency every day is less than perfect. Why, I may ask? The answer is not elusive: we are simply mortals without power to control much. In our struggle, we may date and time. We may be convinced and become committed but in just a while the duality ensues asking for a change that may not be easy to accomplish. That’s why I am a man and you are. There is good news: change may be difficult but it is good. This is one of the many contradictions that characterize life. There is pain in gain but the end thereof sprinkles bright light. Reference: http://www. sparknotes. com/lit/451/section8. rhtml

Palliative Care within the Acute Care Setting

Palliative Care within the Acute Care Setting Palliative Care during End-of-life: An Annotated Bibliography Waldrop and Kirkendall (2009) surveyed employees from a 120-bed suburban nonprofit nursing home to explore how their staff recognized a dying patient and identified standards of care which would be put into place once palliative care has been initiated. Using a qualitative method to gather data, 42 employees were interviewed which included nurses, chaplains, social workers, nursing assistants, housekeepers, and administrators to provide multiple perspectives on the dying experience. The survey was done in the form of a 30-minute interview in a quiet location of the nursing home away from the nursing unit (Waldrop Kirkensall, 2009). An affiliated research assistant or investigator whom has had training in conducting interviews and qualitative data analysis conducted it. They asked the employees open-ended and objective questions about frequency and standards of care for dying patients and their families. All interviews were audio taped, transcribed by a professional transcriptionist, and labeled with a letter number combination (e.g., N[urse]-1). The transcripts were entered into Atlas ti software for data organization and management(Waldrop Kirkensall, 2009). The survey identified physical, behavioral, and social factors as the three main indicators of impending death. Physical indicators included altered breathing patterns (including apnea), anorexia, or increase in pain; behavioral indicators included mood changes and diminished activity level and social indicators sometimes included withdrawal from interaction with staff or family (Waldrop Kirkendall, 2009). During the survey the staff explained that Comfort care is initiated when patients began to exhibit these signs. At this nursing home standard order sets were not used and comfort care measures were described as being very patient individualized and holistic. Comfort care includes an interrelationship of symptom management, family care, interpersonal relationships, and interdisciplinary cooperation in which each member of the healthcare team participates in the care of the patient, according to their scope of practice (Waldrop Kirkendall, 2009). The survey revealed that health care employees deliver comfort care in different ways and it identified the need for more comparison studies in other nursing homes to explore standards of care in other facilities because this was just one study of one nursing home. By further comparing nursing homes which use different models of care comfort care standards and or improvements can be made. This survey was conducted in a nursing home setting but its results reflect on hospital end-of-life care. At the present time the standard of care for dying patients in a hospital setting consists of pre-printed order sets which are not individualized to the specific needs of the patient. This study promotes use of the holistic, individualized care approach to ensure a more satisfying and comforting dying experience. Level of evidence: VI Single descriptive qualitative/physiologic study Jarabek, B.R., Cha, S.S., Ruegg, S.R., Moynihan, T.J., McDonald, F.S. (2008). Use of a palliative care order set to improve resident comfort with symptom management in palliative care. Palliative Medicine, 22, 343-349. Jarabek, Cha, Ruegg, Moynihan, McDonald, (2008) began a study within the Internal Medicine Residency Program at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota hypothesized that standard palliative order sets within a hospital setting would enhance physician comfort with managing 4 aspects of end-of-life care: pain, secretions, agitation, and dyspnea. A 5-question, pre-intervention web-based survey regarding physician comfort in diverse aspects of palliative care was given to 144 internal medicine resident physicians before the release of the palliative order set, which would later be used within the hospital. Each question included a 5-item Likert response scale, ranging from 1, very comfortable to 5, very uncomfortable(Larabek et al., 2008). Three months later an educational email was sent to all house staff and faculty addressing end-of life-care along with the initiation of the order set, which consisted of physical ailment provisions. Another 3 months was spent allowing staff to use and or work with the order sets at which point a post-intervention survey was performed. Results of the post-intervention survey were that 88% had utilized the palliative order sets and 63% stated that they felt increasingly comfortable with palliative care (Jarabek et al., 2008). There was an overall 10% increase in resident comfort regarding the 4 aspects of palliative care with the initiation of order sets, but no change in social or communication-related comfort (Jarabek et al., 2008). The survey concluded that palliative order sets can increase physician comfort in providing care to patients during end-of-life, but it also revealed that the order sets do not address the psychosocial needs of the patient when providing comfort care. Although physicians find comfort in having order sets as guidelines for end-of-life care, they are only guidelines and open communication needs to be initiated between the health care team and the patient to ensure all the comfort care needs of the patient and family are met in a holistic way so that they may have a peaceful dying experience. Level of evidence: Teno, J.M., Clarridge, B.R., Casey, V., Welch, L.C., Wetle, T., Shield, R., Mor, V. (2004). Family perspectives on end-of-life care at the last place of care. Journal of the American Medical Association, 291(1), 88-93. Teno, clarridge, casey, welchl wetle,shield, mor (2004) evaluated 1578 adult patients with different, chronic illnesses end of life experiences by surveying the decedents loved ones and determining whether their perspectives on quality end-of-life care were influenced by the environment where the patient spent their last 48 hours of life. A survey was devised from a conceptual model for patient-focused, family-centered medical care and the calculation of scores and psychometrics of the measures were taken from an online tool formulated by Brown University. Within 9 to 15 months from the time of death a close family member or informant whom was listed on the death certificate was surveyed and was asked about the quality of care their loved one received during their last 48 hours of life. Five different domains were used in the survey, including whether healthcare workers provided patient physical comfort and emotional support, supported collaborative decision-making with the physician , treated the patient with respect, attended to family needs, and provided coordinated care with other healthcare workers or facilities (Teno., et al. 2004). Teno et al. (2004) concluded that 69% of the decedents site of death and last place to receive care was in a hospital or nursing home setting, 31% home, 36% without nursing service, 12% home nursing, and 52% home hospice. The survey showed that family perceptions of the quality of care were different according to where their loved one last received care. Families of patients who were in nursing homes or had home health had a higher rate of unmet needs for pain (Teno., et al. 2004). Over half of the families in hospital or nursing home settings reported unmet emotional needs. In addition, 70% of families receiving home health care reported inadequate emotional support in comparison to 35% in families who utilized home hospice care. Patient and family respect was also a concern to families and varied in different settings. Only 68% of nursing home residents families felt they had been treated with respect and consideration compared to the 96% of families receiving hospice care (Teno et al., 2004). Survey participants felt that physical symptom management was adequately managed so it was comparably equal throughout all patient settings. Although families did not experience a difference in pain or dyspnea management in comparison to other nursing services families who used hospice services overall, 71% reported excellent care (Teno et al., 2004). Kolcaba, K.Y., Steiner, R. (2004). Efficacy of hand massage for enhancing the comfort of hospice patients. Journal of Hospice and Palliative Nursing, 6(2), 91-102. Kolcaba, Dowd, Steiner, and Mitzel (2004) identified the need for comforting interventions for patients at end of life that are simple, easy to learn and administer, and require minimal effort on behalf of the patient. Bilateral hand massage is a good intervention because it is noninvasive, easy to do, does not take long, and relies on caring/healing touch( Kolcaba., et al. 2004). The purpose of their study was to determine empirically if a bilateral hand massage provided to patients near end of life twice per week for 3 weeks was associated with higher levels of comfort and less symptom distress. 31 adult hospice patients from 2 hospice agencies participated in the study. Each patient was English-speaking and expected to remain alert and oriented for the duration of the trial, 13 months. Data collectors who were unknown to the patients called the homes of the patients, explained the study, and then scheduled an appointment for a research visit. Data was collected at the patients homes and at the hospice centers(Kolcaba., et al. 2004). After informed consent, participants were randomly divided into the treatment group (with 16 patients) and the comparison group (with 15 patients). All participants were asked to complete a modified General Comfort Questionnaire (GCQ), tailored for end-of-life patients, once a week for 3 weeks. After completing the questionnaire each week, the treatment group then received the hand massage intervention twice a week for 3 weeks. The comparison group received the intervention once at the end of the study period. The study concluded no significant difference between the treatment and comparison groups in regard to enhanced comfort or decreased symptom distress over time (Kolcaba et al., 2004). However, comfort did increase some in the treatment group even as the patient approached death. The study also revealed that the hand massage seemed to allow more time for therapeutic or face to face communication allowing the patients to talk about how they feel and their feelings on transitioning to death, and patients receiving the intervention reported it to be a personalized experience something they could engage in that feels good, and family members were appreciative of the care and attention their loved one was getting (Kolcaba et al., 2004). Because this intervention is easy to learn and requires minimal time for the caregiver to do and minimal effort for the patient it is an excellent intervention that can even be taught to the family. This study identifies interventions that can be used withi n the hospital setting and any other setting to enhance comfort during end-of-life. Nurses and family members can use this intervention to increase communication by using caring touch, which provide psychosocial care and therefore holistic comfort for the patient. Bakitas, M., Lyons, K. D., Hegel, M. T., Balan, S., Brokaw, F. C., Seville, J., Hull, J. G., Li, Z., Tosteson, T. D., Byock, I. R., Ahles, T. A., (2009). Effects of a palliative care intervention on clinical outcomes in patients with advanced cancer. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 302 (7): 741-749. Bakitas, Lyons, Hegel, Balan, Brokaw, Seville, hull, Li, Tosteson, Byock, Ahles, (2009) using project ENABLE combined with a nurse-led intervention with ongoing assessment, coaching, symptom management, crisis prevetion, and timely referral to palliative care and hospices hypothesize that patients newly diagnosed with advanced cancer if exposed to this intervention right away would become informed, active participants in their care, and would experience an improved quality of life, mood, and have better symptom relief. The study protocol and data and safety monitoring board plan were approved by the institutional review boards of the Norris Cotton Cancer Center and Dartmouth College in Lebanon, New Hampshire, and the Veterans Administration (VA) medical center in White River Junction, Vermont. All patient and caregiver participants signed a document confirming their informed consent.(Bakitas., et al (2009). Participants completed baseline questionnaires when they were enrolled and th en completed a follow-up one month later. Using a stratified randomization scheme patients and their caregivers were randomly assigned to the interventions or usual care group. One of 2 advanced practice nurses with palliative care experience conducted 4 structured educational problem solving sessions first one lasting 41 minutes and sessions 2 through 4 approx 30 minutes each and at least monthly telephone follow-up sessions until the participant died or the study ended (Bakitas., et al.2009) The advanced practice nurse began all contacts with an initial assessment by administering the Distress Thermometer, an 11-point rating scale recommended by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines. It identifies sources of distress in the 5 areas of practical problems physical problems, family problems, spiritual, emotional problems or religious concerns. If distress intensity was higher than 3, the advanced practice nurses then identifies the sources of distress and checks to see if the participant would like to problem/solve to take care of their issue. The nurse then covers the assigned module for that session. The participants clinical teams are responsible for all medical decisions and inpatient care management, however the advanced practice nurse was readily available by telephone for the participants and they could also facilitate ancillary resources. The participants also were able to participate in group shared medical appointments (SMAs), which are led by certified palliative care physicians. The usual care participants were allowed to use all oncology and supportive services without restriction. Follow-up questionnaires were mailed every 3 months until the patient died or study completion in December 31, 2007. Quality of Life was measured with a 46-item tool called the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy for Palliative Care. It measures the participants physical, social, emotional, and functional well being along with the concerns of a person whom has a life-threatening illness. Of 1222 screened, 681 were eligible and were approached and 322 were enrolled (47% participation rate). There were a total of 134 participants in the usual care group and 145 participants in the intervention group. A systematic review of specialized palliative care identified 22 trials (16 from the United States) between 1984-2007 with a median sample size of 204, half exclusively with cancer patients. There was lack of evidence due to contamination, adherence, and recruitment etc. The trial addressed these issues and contributed to the increasing evidence that palliative care may improve quality of life and mood at the end of life. In our study, intervention participants higher quality of life and lower depressed mood may be attributed to improved psychosocial and emotional well being. Mood is a determinant of the experience of quality of life and suffering despite a mounting burden of physical symptoms(Bakitas., et al. 2009). However, while patients in the intervention group had improvement in these outcomes, we conservatively planned our original target trial enrollment of 400 based on a significance level of .01. Statistical inferences based on this stringent critical value would lead to the conclusion that there were no statistically significant differences between groups in quality of life or mood(Bakitas., et al. 2009). The study concluded that compared with participants receiving usual oncology care those receiving a nurse-led, palliative care-focused interventions that takes care of the patient holistically provided at the same time with oncology care had higher scores for quality of life and mood, but did not have improvements in symptom intensity scores or reduced days in the hospital (Bakitas., et al. 2009). Level of evidence- Summary The research presented reveals while palliative care order sets provide a helpful guideline or tool which reassures health care providers in giving consistent good quality care, patients care needs should be assessed and individualized orders and interventions should be implemented to ensure a peaceful and comforting dying experience. Hospice care settings have been shown to provide excellent holistic care for dying patients and they have also been shown to show compassion to the family as well. The comfort interventions from these facilities can be modified for application in the hospital for use in the acute care setting. Holistic comfort care interventions include hand massage, music therapy, or the utilization of a visual analog scale the faces to measure comfort. These are some of the ways hospitals can utilize the findings from this research into daily practice to ensure quality holistic patient comfort is achieved and ultimately a peaceful death.

Frankenstein Essays -- Literary Analysis, Mary Shelley

â€Å"I am alone and miserable: man will not associate with me; but one as deformed and horrible as myself would not deny herself to me† (Shelley 127). A monster with bad intentions generates a bad reputation in society. However, does a monster whose sole purpose is to achieve and excel treated wrongly because of the way he looks? According to John Bugg’s â€Å"Master of their language: Education and Exile† The creature’s narrative of education unfolds from a personal realization of alterity. Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein portrays the creature’s motivation to broaden his education in order to be accepted by society. Despite the creature’s good intentions to broaden his education, his physical appearance disallows him to obtain an education, and therefore the only residual is to seek revenge on his creator. Naturally the creature believes that if he is well educated, people will look beyond his hideous appearance and accept him. Through the inspiration the De Laceys give, â€Å" The creature comes to view the De Laceys as superior beings, who would be the arbiters of [his] future destiny† (Shelley 90). Consequently the creature comes to the realization that the De Laceys are the only people who might be able to broaden his education. Hence he plans on visiting the old blind man because he will not be able to judge the creature by his appearance. In The creature will confront the old man when the rest of the De Laceys are out so he can create a friendship. The creature contemplates his future and he is â€Å"Longing to be accepted into the world he sees and romances through the crack in the De Laceys wall, the creature believes that literacy is the key† (Bugg 661). The creature knows that no one will be able to look past his appearance if he’s not e... ...nsible for what the creature has become. The creature responds,â€Å" You can blast my other passions, but revenge remains-revenge, henceforth dearer than light of food! I may die, but first you, my tyrant and tormentor, shall curse the sun that gazes on your misery† (Shelley 154). Victor has taken everything away from the creature, but the creature will always have the mindset on revenge for Victor. The creature will not rest until Victor feels the same misery he felt. This is the final stage of the creature’s life where he ignores his surroundings and takes matters into his own hand. The creature’s failure to blend in with society creates hatred in the creature’s heart for his creator. The only option for the creature is to seek revenge. This shows that the creature’s determination of destroying his creator was far greater than the creatures determination to fit in. Frankenstein Essays -- Literary Analysis,  Mary Shelley â€Å"I am alone and miserable: man will not associate with me; but one as deformed and horrible as myself would not deny herself to me† (Shelley 127). A monster with bad intentions generates a bad reputation in society. However, does a monster whose sole purpose is to achieve and excel treated wrongly because of the way he looks? According to John Bugg’s â€Å"Master of their language: Education and Exile† The creature’s narrative of education unfolds from a personal realization of alterity. Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein portrays the creature’s motivation to broaden his education in order to be accepted by society. Despite the creature’s good intentions to broaden his education, his physical appearance disallows him to obtain an education, and therefore the only residual is to seek revenge on his creator. Naturally the creature believes that if he is well educated, people will look beyond his hideous appearance and accept him. Through the inspiration the De Laceys give, â€Å" The creature comes to view the De Laceys as superior beings, who would be the arbiters of [his] future destiny† (Shelley 90). Consequently the creature comes to the realization that the De Laceys are the only people who might be able to broaden his education. Hence he plans on visiting the old blind man because he will not be able to judge the creature by his appearance. In The creature will confront the old man when the rest of the De Laceys are out so he can create a friendship. The creature contemplates his future and he is â€Å"Longing to be accepted into the world he sees and romances through the crack in the De Laceys wall, the creature believes that literacy is the key† (Bugg 661). The creature knows that no one will be able to look past his appearance if he’s not e... ...nsible for what the creature has become. The creature responds,â€Å" You can blast my other passions, but revenge remains-revenge, henceforth dearer than light of food! I may die, but first you, my tyrant and tormentor, shall curse the sun that gazes on your misery† (Shelley 154). Victor has taken everything away from the creature, but the creature will always have the mindset on revenge for Victor. The creature will not rest until Victor feels the same misery he felt. This is the final stage of the creature’s life where he ignores his surroundings and takes matters into his own hand. The creature’s failure to blend in with society creates hatred in the creature’s heart for his creator. The only option for the creature is to seek revenge. This shows that the creature’s determination of destroying his creator was far greater than the creatures determination to fit in.

Themes of Alienation and Control in James Joyces Araby Essay -- James

Alienation of â€Å"Araby† Although â€Å"Araby† is a fairly short story, author James Joyce does a remarkable job of discussing some very deep issues within it. On the surface it appears to be a story of a boy's trip to the market to get a gift for the girl he has a crush on. Yet deeper down it is about a lonely boy who makes a pilgrimage to an eastern-styled bazaar in hopes that it will somehow alleviate his miserable life. James Joyce’s uses the boy in â€Å"Araby† to expose a story of isolation and lack of control. These themes of alienation and control are ultimately linked because it will be seen that the source of the boy's emotional distance is his lack of control over his life. The story begins as the boy describes his neighborhood. Immediately feelings of isolation and hopelessness begin to set in. The street that the boy lives on is a dead end, right from the beginning he is trapped. In addition, he feels ignored by the houses on his street. Their brown imperturbable faces make him feel excluded from the decent lives within them. The street becomes a representation of the boy’s self, uninhabited and detached, with the houses personified, and arguably more alive than the residents (Gray). Every detail of his neighborhood seems designed to inflict him with the feeling of isolation. The boy's house, like the street he lives on, is filled with decay. It is suffocating and â€Å"musty from being long enclosed.† It is difficult for him to establish any sort of connection to it. Even the history of the house feels unkind. The house's previous tenant, a priest, had died while living there. He â€Å"left all his money to institutions and the fu rniture of the house to his sister (Norton Anthology 2236).† It was as if he was trying to insure the boy's boredom and solitude. The only thing of interest that the boy can find is a bicycle pump, which is rusty and rendered unfit to play with. Even the â€Å"wild† garden is gloomy and desolate, containing but a lone apple tree and a few straggling bushes. It is hardly the sort of yard that a young boy would want. Like most boys, he has no voice in choosing where he lives, yet his surroundings have a powerful effect on him. His home and neighborhood are not the only sources of the boy's animosity. The weather is also unkind to the boy. Not only is it cold, but the short days of winter make play more difficult under the â€Å"feeb... ... is not at all that he imagined. It is dismal and dark and thrives on the profit motive and the eternal lure its name evokes in men. The boy realizes that he has placed all his love and hope in a world that does not exist except in his imagination. He feels angry and betrayed and realizes his self-deception. He feels he is â€Å"a creature driven and derided by vanity† and the vanity is his own (Sample Essays). The story provides many sources for the boy's animosity. Beginning with his home and overall environment, and reaching all the way to the adults that surround him. However, it is clear that all of these causes of the boy's isolation have something in common, he has control over none of these factors. While many of these circumstances no one can expect to have control over, it is the culmination of all these elements that lead to the boy’s undeniable feeling of lack of control. Works Cited The Norton Anthology of English Literature. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. 2000 Classic Notes on Dubliners. Grade Saver. 2003. Sample Essays Analyzing James Joyce's Short Story â€Å"Araby†. Gray, Wallace. Notes for James Joyce's â€Å"Araby†. World Wide Dubliners.

Character study on Inspecter Calls by J.B Priestly :: essays research papers

AT THE END OF MOST PLAY, SOME CHARACTERS HAVE CHANGED AND SOME HAVE NOT. DISCUSS TWO CHARCTERS: ONE WHO CHANGES, AND ONE WHO DOESN’T IN THE PLAY CALLED â€Å"AN INSPECTOR CALLS† – BY J.B. PRIESTLY The play ‘An Inspector Calls† by J.B Priestly, is set on an April evening in 1912. The play concerns the Birling family and Gerald Croft quietly celebrating over Gerald and (Mr. Birling’s daughter) Sheila Birling’s engagement, when an Inspector arrives unexpectedly amidst their family celebration to enquire about a suicide of a young pregnant girl called, Eva Smith. Through questioning, the inspector uncovers that they all have some kind of an involvement to the young girl’s death. In the play, some characters are changed by the Inspector’s arrival and news. Some however, remain the same. One character who remains the same is Mrs Birling. In Act One, we are given a general impression of her; a well-mannered woman but one who knows her power of authority (being the wife of a well-off businessman and the chairwoman of Brumley Women’s Charitable Society). In Act Two, Mrs. Birling introduces herself in a polite and respectable manner to the inspector (quite unlike the character that she progresses into) but he finds it hard to get information out of Mrs. Birling, this can be shown with the these quotes (taken from just after the Inspector has shown Mrs. Birling a photograph of Eva); (Inspector) â€Å"You recognise her?† (Mrs Birling) â€Å"No. Why should I?† Later in the play, the truth comes out that Mrs Birling had met the girl in the photo. Sheila supported the Inspector when Mrs Birling wouldn’t give out any information about Eva and tried to persuade her mother to talk but Mrs Birling took her as being rude and insolent and showed that she doesn’t like being contradicted. When Mrs Birling does tell the Inspector about Eva coming to her committee for help, she showed no remorse for the young girl. She took Eva as being impertinent when Eva said that her name was ‘Mrs Birling’ and was prejudiced against her case. Therefore, she used her power and authority (as being the chairwoman) to influence the others on the committee to abandon her case. Mrs Birling tried to reason with the Inspector about her judgments of Eva and with a clear conscience; she said she was, â€Å" . . . perfectly justified in advising my committee not to allow her claim for assistance.

Introduction Of Payroll information Management System Essay

The electronic and computerized Payroll System and at the same time information management system will not only offer exact calculations and accurate data of designated employees but it will also implement security measures and confidentiality of the files and accordingly arrange documents provided by an ingenious and quick-witted database that will indeed construct a paperless environment. With the aspiring technologies been thought up today, this minimize the burden and heavy loads of labor of the employees designated in the human resource management office of a certain company or institutions. Statement of the Problem The EVSU – Human Resource Management Office carries out different functions where it comprises manpower planning, job analysis and description, determining wages and salaries and welfare to each employed individual in the institution. As a result, the proponent’s interest to conduct an observation has led them to apprehend the EVSU – Human Resource Management Office present problems: 1. What are the common problems do the employees of EVSU-HRMO encounter in their current system? 2. Who are the employees that will use the entire system? 3. What are the advantages of the system that will help the employees? 4. What are the benefits can be derived from a payroll information management system? 5. How far this system could ensure the different payroll calculations proficiently and generate the desired and precise payroll transaction outputs? Theoretical Framework The proposed project needs a lot of help to things such as software, database and others that will make it possible to be developed. The reason of why these inventions had occurred is the innovative minds of people who saw the advantage of making such inventions to help not only the community but also the individuals to make and establish their own works that will  soon be made known in the whole world. MySQL is the world most used open source relational database management system that runs as a server providing multi-user access to number of databases. It is also a popular choice of database for use in web applications. The proponents used the MySQL as the database since the developed system requires intensive data management that requires fast and reliable database that can handle masses of records for the Savers Gas Corporation. Microsoft Visual Basic is a third-generation programming language and an integrated development environment that has been developed by Microsoft. The Visual Basic was derived from BASIC, a high-level programming language, and it enables the rapid application development of graphical user interface applications. The proponents used the Visual Basic since developing a transaction processing systems using this programming language is easier. It has all the components and tools that can be used for the development of the system. it is also ideal for the prototyping model of system development. MYSQL Database. The proponents used the MySQL as the database and backend since the developed system requires intensive data management that requires fast and reliable database that can handle masses of records for the payroll information management system VB.Net Programming Language. Visual Basic is Microsoft’s high-level object-oriented rapid application development environment for the Windows platform. The first versions of Visual Basic were intended to target Windows 3.0 (a version for DOS existed as well), however it was not until version 3.0 for Windows 3.1 that this programming language gained large-scale acceptance in the shareware and corporate programming community. Using drawing tools that resemble those found in hardcopy page layout programs or Photoshop, VB programmers make user interfaces by drawing controls and other UI components onto forms. The programmer then adds code to respond to user interactions with the controls (for example, clicks, drag and drop, etc) known as events. http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Visual_Basic_.NET/The_Visual_Studio_Integrated_Development_Environment Local Area Networks (LANs). The advent of personal computers changed the type of information sent over office computer networks. Terminals were no longer â€Å"dumb,† but contained the power to perform their own instructions and maintain their own memories. This took considerable pressure off mainframe devices, whose energies could now be devoted to more complex tasks. LANs allowed for the transmission of data between workers. In turn, they enabled this shared data to be directed to a common printer, serving a larger group of users. This eliminated the need for each worker to have a printer and ensured that the one printer provided was not underutilized. In addition, LANs allowed data to be called up directly on other workers’ computers, providing immediate communication and eliminating the need for paper. The most common application was in interoffice communications, or electronic mail (e-mail). Messages could be directed to one or several people and copied to several more over the LAN. As a result, an e-mail system became something of an official record of communications between workers. Addressees became obligated to respond to e-mail messages in a timely manner because their failure to answer could be easily documented for supervisors. Personal computers transformed LANs from mere shared processors to fully integrated communication devices. With processing power distributed among several computers, the mainframe’s main role was eclipsed and complex processing, administrative functions, and data file storage became the job of a new device, the file server. Today, there are many different types of LANs. For example, many Macintosh computers use AppleTalk, while IBM computers commonly use Ethernets. (http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/small/Inc-Mail/Local-Area-Networks-LANS.html#b) Conceptual Framework Input Process Output Figure 1.0 IPO (Input-Process-Output of the Proposed System) The figure above shows the conceptual framework of the proposed study. The framework encapsulates the major functionalities that take place in a  payroll information management system. It helps understand the flow of the system to be more precise and easier. The proposed system will ask the user, particularly the employee, to input their detailed personal information that will be saved as soon as they click the submit button which will output as their records and later on be retrieved as the system requests it. From manual to automated transaction, the system will request for the days to be keyed by the user. Then, the system itself will modify the operation by adding the earned and subtracting the lost points that will automatically result to the total number of days the employee will credit. As soon as the user input the loans, premium, and LWOP, the system is automatically programmed to deduct it to the basic salary pay of the employee which then will result to his/her payroll. Significance of the Study The proponents found the system significant or substantial to create a system that will later be very useful for the department’s different functionalities. The study caters some advantages to the following: School. Specifically, Eastern Visayas State University will also benefit the proponent’s study. Since the proponents are bona fide students of the said prestigious institution, the system won’t be somebody’s establishment or department’s property but by the school itself. The proposed system will actually help the school to promote and perform better services and to satisfy individual’s satisfaction within the civic and in society in general. This will however aid the university to uphold its mission and vision. Management. The department of course will be the first one to benefit the proponent’s study because it would mean a great relief for them. As a result, an upgraded and improved way of processing staff’s important records as well as dealing out payroll transactions cautiously is at hand. This states more paper works reduction, data’s security, proper usage of manpower, lessening the company’s expenses which can be used in their other  expenses , as well as an increased productivity of the office. Employees. All because the activities happen inside the department will turn out to be electronically, expectedly it will allows employees to exchange information with greater ease without the need to count on paper loads. They will find it easier to transact about their records since searching in the system is faster than tracking in the record book or log book. A solution on dealing non-strategic and ordinary task is within their grasp. Working with this proposed system is such an exciting way, indeed. Proponents. The proposed study will let the proponents calculate themselves on how far they have gone through creating and developing the system. They can certainly identify whether the knowledge and effort they executed or exerted are sufficient enough for accomplishing the project. If so, this may lead them to cultivate their abilities & knowledge more. Or at best, through their experiences as well as expertise, the proponents could even make a better and complex system for the future purposes. Future researcher/s. This project will be of great help and is very significant to the future researcher/s for this will serve as their guide and reference in creating a payroll system especially those who are in line of Information Technology field. They can also use the system for information purposes. And at the same time, they can even upgrade or enhance the mentioned system. Scope and Delimitations of the Study This study concentrates and focuses on the improvement of a more organized and paperless payroll information management system for the EVSU – Human Resource Management Office. The system would be of great service to the department as well as the school itself, as it will reduce the mind numbing tasks and the countless stuff to be accomplished when using a manual payroll system. The department will speed up furnishing and securing computations of the employee’s workforce. It will also cover some features of payroll and information of each staff of the school. Furthermore, associated matters about the payroll transaction of the EVSU – Human Resource Management Office: the institution give the employees it’s  entitled basic pay to each staff according to its designated positions. To compute their number of hours worked, the employees provide their computerized DTRs to the staff in the HRMO, released from their biometric records. The end users of the system inputs the wage of a certain employee in a span of a month since the payroll takes place monthly, multiplied from the percentage of the deductions. Subtracted from the basic pay is the wage of the certain employee. The monthly salary is divided by two as the 15th and 30th of the month. Deductions taken are: GSIS, Philhealth, and Pagibig. However, the computations for the withholding taxes to subtract from its basic pay are not involved in the system for the accounting department has its access in these matters. The proposed Payroll Information Management System for EVSU – Human Resource Management Office does not support online program or online transaction. Therefore, Employees cannot inquire their salaries or earnings through internet. It is designed for a small topology suitable for a small and medium size. The proposed system has 5 to 6 admins that can solely and exclusively access the said system. Only the said admins can edit and update the payroll presented in the system. The system can add, modify and update the employees. It can also view personal and private information about the staffs. The proposed Payroll Information Management System for EVSU – Human Resource Management Office. Definition of Terms Payroll. This refers to a sum of all financial records of salaries for employee, wages, bonuses and deductions. In accounting, payroll refers to the amount paid to employees for services they provided during certain period of time. Basic Pay. This refers to monthly rate divided by the number of working day multiplied by the number of days worked. Daily Time Record/DTR. This refers  to a record of how a person’s time has been spent. It is used to calculate pay, asses the efficient use of time, or charge for work done. Database. This refers to an organized collection of data for one or more purposes, it is usually in digital form. Deduction. This refers to business expenses or losses which are legally permitted to be subtracted from the gross revenue of a firm in computing its taxable income. Loan. This refers to funds transferred from one party to another payment for purchased goods or services. Net Pay. This refers to the remaining amount of an employee’s gross pay, after deductions, such as taxes, and retirement contributions, are made.