Margaret Atwood- Moral Disorder

Over the span of the many interrelated short stories written in Moral Disorder we will in general discover numerous thing about the principle characters. Somehow or another the peruser builds up a kind of one on one relationship with each character, and finds out increasingly more about them in every story. In particular, one of the principle characters who will in general hang out in the storyline as an individual with a kind of secretive character is Tig. Tigs baffling character is enlivened for the most part in the story â€Å"Monopoly†. At the point when we first observe Tig in the start of â€Å"monopoly†, he and Nell just bought an old homestead house where they plan on living. As time advances all through the storyline, we find out about Tigs kids and how they plan on visiting the new ranch house. With this point it raises musings about Tigs old union with Oona. We currently discover that the motivation behind why Tig and Oona separated was not a direct result of Oona, however both of them as an opening. It offers insite to their bombed marriage with the way that OOna would give her all out life’s consideration at her composition, and leave Tig to deal with the kids and the house totally alone. Despite the fact that to the open eye Tig and Oona’s relationship must be portrayed as great, clearly where it counts being hitched to Oona was cutting him down. They were frequently observed together in magazines and in photo’s grinning as though they had not a consideration on the planet, however as per Tig this was the uttermost thing from reality. Both of them together attempted to show the feeling of adoration and security to the open that the two of them longed for. They regularly showed up in magazines cooking and chuckling together, yet once the camera’s quit moving things turned around how they typically where. Oona would be off attempting to complete her book, and Tig would be left with dealing with the youngsters and the family tasks all while working at a radio broadcast. As time advanced after the separation Tig and Nell chose to lease an old ranch house. We presently get some answers concerning another secretive piece of Tig’s life, his children. Once Tig and Nell moved into their homestead house, Tig’s youngsters stayed with consistently. In this way, consistently Nell would need to get together the entirety of her things and go out before Tig’s youngsters showed up. Tig made a decent attempt so as to make his youngsters realize that the motivation behind why he and their mom separated was not a result of Nell, and that he Oona still were friendly. This shed knowledge into Tig job as a dad. Despite the fact that Tig for the most part doesn’t like to talk about his past marriage with Oona, he ensures that his kids are not influenced by the separation. Consistently that they would visit, he would attempt to make a carefree domain at the ranch house all together for his youngsters to be cheerful. Before this we never observed Tig as a very remarkable family man. Cases, for example, Tig’s youngsters visiting shed light on another character that we never thought about Tig. After Tigs kids leave, and Nell gets back things begin to return to typical. Nell and Tig appear to be very cheerful living respectively, which fills in as a direct inverse to his relationship with Oona. Nell talks about the Sunday evenings they spend together once Tig’s youngsters leave, and the time they spend attempting to get up the large slope before the property throughout the winter months. In spite of the fact that the a portion of the things they did together were straightforward, clearly it implied something to Nell. Tig and Oona would sit together during the ride home peacefully more often than not, however the quietness they shared certainly implied something. During these occasions it turned out to be certain that the explanation that Nell and Tig were together was a result of Oona. Not long after Oona completed her book, she and Tig welcomed Nell over for an evening gathering at her home. The evening gathering turned out a triumph, and Nell wound up remaining later than the various visitors to play a round of imposing business model with Tig’s kids. The night was loaded with giggles and the discussion during supper appeared as though it were to never end. Nell later observed that that evening gathering was not a commonplace evening gathering, however a greater amount of a meeting that would later wide up with her being involved with Tig. Sooner or later life for Nell and Tig began to develop into a kind of routine were Nell would remain at the ranch house during the week, at that point out of nowhere vanish and shroud all hints of her reality. Be that as it may, one end of the week this was going to change. Tig’s baffling character became an integral factor again when he revealed to Nell that he needed her to remain at the ranch house the up and coming end of the week when his youngsters dropped by. This came as a total stun to Nell in light of the fact that she never expected Tig to carry the circumstance up with her since he was generally so peaceful and to himself about the circumstance. In any case Nell from the start was amazingly against this thought reasoning that she would â€Å"be crossing the line†. In any case, Tig guaranteed her that it would be best for the youngsters to see her in her indigenous habitat and her home. Tig clandestinely addressed his kids and to Oona about the circumstance and they all concurred that it would be a smart thought for Nell to remain an end of the week with the kids when they dropped by.

Succubus Heat CHAPTER 1

Laying down with my specialist was a poorly conceived notion. I knew it as well, yet I couldn't generally support it. There were just so often I could hear â€Å"Why don't you clarify that† and â€Å"Tell me how you feel.† So, I at long last snapped and chose to show the person how I felt. I've gotta state, for a not too bad person who had never undermined his significant other, he wasn't that difficult to exploit. What's more, by â€Å"not hard,† I mean â€Å"ridiculously easy.† His pseudo ethics gave me a solid succubus vitality fix, and when you consider that what we did was presumably the most beneficial thing that at any point occurred on his love seat, it was practically similar to I carried out something worth being thankful for. All things considered, I realized my manager would have been pissed, seeing as he was the one who'd requested me to look for guiding in any case. â€Å"Do not disclose to Jerome,† I cautioned my companions, tapping my cigarette against the ashtray. â€Å"I would prefer not to manage that sort of fallout.† My companions and I were sitting at a corner in Cold July, a mechanical club down in Seattle's Belltown area. The spot was dull and boisterous, with confusing funnels on the dividers and roof framing the main part of the d?â ¦cor. Since it was an exclusive hangout, it didn't need to stick to the city's open smoking boycott, which was an advantage for me. Over the most recent couple of months, I'd discovered nicotine was one of the fundamental things helping me adapt. Different things on the fundamental rundown: vodka, Nine Inch Nails, a consistent gracefully of good men, and a universally handy disagreeable disposition. â€Å"Look, Georgina,† said my companion Hugh. He was a devil, a sort of horrendous lawful partner who purchased spirits for our lords and did arranged center administration errands. He had dim trimmed hair and was huge without being fat. â€Å"I'm no master in emotional well-being, however I will put it all out there here and state that most likely was certifiably not an accommodating advance making progress toward healing.† I shrugged and let my eyes examine the jam-packed space for potential casualties. There were some entirely acceptable pickings here. â€Å"Well, he wasn't excessively acceptable. At treatment, I mean. Additionally, I don't think I need it anymore.† Quiet met me, in light of the fact that quietness could meet me in a spot so loud. I turned around to my companions. Hugh was making no falsification of concealing his you're screwing insane look. Our vampire companions, Peter and Cody, in any event had the respectability to turn away their eyes. I limited mine and put out the cigarette. â€Å"I don't suppose,† said Peter finally, â€Å"that this is anyone you'd perhaps, uh, as to date long term?† â€Å"Yeah,† concurred Cody, eyes wide and cheerful. â€Å"I wager a specialist would be an incredible audience. Furthermore, you wouldn't need to pay for it.† â€Å"My protection pays for it,† I snapped. â€Å"And I don't generally value your uninvolved forceful mentality about my boyfriend.† â€Å"It's not that passive,† said Hugh. â€Å"You could improve, sweetie.† â€Å"The fellow's degenerate and going to Hell. How is this an issue for you? What's more, you didn't care for my last sweetheart either. Perhaps you should quit stressing over my affection life and return to making sense of how to get your most recent secretary into bed.† In what must be an abnormal spot of the universe, none of my companions preferred my present sweetheart, a dim performer named Dante. Dante's ethics were truly nonexistent, and he possessed stock in harshness and criticism. That would make you think he'd fit in superbly with this gathering of accursed spirits, however out of the blue, he didn't. â€Å"You aren't intended to be with somebody bad,† said Cody. We were all eternal currently however were considered â€Å"lesser immortals.† That implied we had once been human before selling our spirits into Hell's administration. Cody was youthful contrasted with all of us in our little circle. Hugh asserted very nearly a century. Subside and I had centuries. All things considered, there was very nearly a naã ¯vet?â ¦ about Cody, a beguiling optimism that equaled the caring I used to have. It had been broken when my past sweetheart, a human named Seth, had left me for a companion of mine. Seth was a decent soul, calm and limitlessly kind. He'd caused me to have confidence in better things, similar to that possibly there was promise for a succubus like me. I'd thought I was enamored no, I had been infatuated. Indeed, even I could concede that. Be that as it may, as a succubus, I carried a risky component to any relationship. At the point when I engaged in sexual relations with a person (or a young lady it worked in any case), I took their life vitality, which was the force that energized each human spirit. It kept me alive and supported my undying presence. The cleaner the person, the more vitality I took. The more vitality I took, the more I abbreviated his life. With Dante, I had basically no impact. He had little vitality to give, so our sexual coexistence was generally â€Å"safe,† and I along these lines looked for my fixes from negligible folks as an aftert hought. With Seth†¦well, that had been an alternate story. Laying down with him would have had extremely hindering impacts so I'd wouldn't do it. For some time, we'd lived on affection alone, our relationship being about much in excess of a physical demonstration. After some time, in any case, that had caused significant damage, as had various basic relationship difficulties. Things had at last exploded when Seth had laid down with my companion Maddie. I figure he'd done it to urge me to separate, wanting to save me future agony. Whatever the underlying aim, he and Maddie had really proceeded to build up a genuinely genuine relationship in the next months. I hadn't taken that quite well. â€Å"There's no satisfying you guys,† I snarled, coaxing the server for another beverage. He overlooked me, aggravating me further. â€Å"You don't care for good ones. You don't care for awful ones. What the heck does it take?† Another voice unexpectedly cut into our circle. â€Å"Please reveal to me we're talking about your sentimental hijinks, Georgie. There's nothing I appreciate more.† There he was, remaining adjacent to our table: my manager Jerome, archdemon of Seattle and its more prominent metropolitan region. I glared. I didn't value the deriding tone-or him calling me Georgie. He plunked down next to Hugh, and the server I'd been attempting to call run over right away. We requested another round of beverages. Jerome was unmistakably feeling acceptable today, which consistently made our lives simpler. He had on a dark architect suit, and his hair was styled precisely equivalent to John Cusack's had been in an ongoing TV talk with I viewed. That most likely bears referencing: Jerome's human collection of decision was a clone of John Cusack. Succubi can change shape since that is a piece of what causes us with temptation. Evil spirits can change shape just on the grounds that like holy messengers they're madly ground-breaking creatures who have been around since the get-go. They're â€Å"greater immortals.† Because of an odd fan fixation that he unyieldingly denied, Jerome decided to communicate in the human world resembling the entertainer. The peculiar thing was that when we were out this way, people never appeared to see the likeness. â€Å"You haven't been out with us in a while,† I called attention to, planning to change the subject. â€Å"I thought you've been occupied with evil spirit stuff.† Rumor had it that Jerome was fighting with another devil, however none of us knew the subtleties. He removed one of my cigarettes from the pack without inquiring. After a second, the finish of the cigarette lit all alone. Hotshot. â€Å"Things have really taken a lovely turn,† he said. He breathed in profoundly and afterward let the smoke whirl around him. â€Å"One less thing to manage. I'd trusted the unending jabbering about your sentimental troubles was likewise leaving, however I guess that is an excessive amount to seek after. Are you still with that charlatan?† I surrendered. â€Å"Why does everybody loathe Dante? You all ought to hold onto him as a brother.† Jerome considered, dull eyes insightful. â€Å"He pesters me. You can do better.† â€Å"Jesus Christ,† I said. â€Å"Maybe she'd see that in the event that she'd quit doing dumb crap like laying down with her therapist,† noted Hugh, in what was obviously expected to be a useful tone. I turned on him, eyes wide. â€Å"Did you tune in to anything I just said?† â€Å"Plenty,† he said. In the mean time, Jerome's apathetic, satisfied articulation vanished. He fixed his look on me, eyes consuming like fire yet mysteriously causing me to feel cold everywhere. He crushed the cigarette out and shot up from his seat. Getting my arm, he twitched me up from my own spot and began hauling me from the table. â€Å"Come with me,† he murmured. I staggered with him out to the lobby that prompted the bathrooms. Once out of seeing others, he pushed me against a divider and inclined toward me, face loaded up with fierceness. It was an indication of his disturbance that he was acting like a human. He could have just moved the two of us to some detached spot. â€Å"You screwed your therapist?† he shouted. I swallowed. â€Å"I wasn't making much progress.† â€Å"Georgie!† â€Å"Why is this an issue? He was a decent soul. I felt that was what you needed me to do!† â€Å"I needed you to get this screwing chip off your shoulder that you've had since the time that exhausting human dumped you.† I jumped. It was somewhat of a bizarre thing. I'd been so discouraged after the Seth separation that Jerome had at last flipped out and instructed me to go look for help since he was sick of tuning in to me â€Å"bitch and moan.† The weirdness of a devil empowering directing for one of his workers wasn't lost on me. However, truly, how might he get it? How might he comprehend what it resembled to have your heart crushed? To be torn from the individual you adored most on the planet? My entire presence had lost significance, and time everlasting had appeared to be difficult to endure. For a considerable length of time, I wouldn't go out or talk a lot to anyone. I'd segregated myself, lost in my own misery. That was when Jerome had surrendered and requested I wake up. What's more, I had, sort of. I'd swung the other

The summer before applying to graduate school COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

The summer before applying to graduate school COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog A blog contribution by Megan Tackney, a recent SIPA graduate and former Admissions Program Assistant. (We miss you Megan!) It was just as hot and humid as it is now, maybe even worse. It was the beginning of summer in Washington D.C. and the women of Mintwood Place had decided to go to graduate school. I had lived in D.C. for almost 8 years and worked in advocacy at a women’s legal organization. My roommate was employed at one of the top political consulting firms in the country. Our third roommate, quite coincidentally also named Meaghan (different spelling), had moved out a year ago to go to SIPA, it was her dream school and it was all she talked about. We blame her for the higher education craze that took over our apartment. That summer we began to prepare for the graduate school application period. I collected packets and tracked information sessions for every school I was going to apply to, a total of 7. My roommate had a Volkswagen beetle, which for some reason always smelled like crayons, and we would squeeze ourselves in, and find these events in faraway places without transportation, like Georgetown. I asked co-workers if they knew students or alumni from possible schools and if I could talk to them. I wanted to know what jobs they held now, what the student body was like and if they were regretful of anything, and if so, what?     I tried to imagine my life in every city or in some cases, small towns, which was sometimes just as important as the school’s academic program. In addition to stalking alumni, we also had to take the GRE’s in the Fall. This meant studying and taking a test, something we hadn’t done in quite a while, but we were determined. Step 1 â€" We bought the prep. books. Step 2 â€" We made flash cards. We were going to learn 20 new words a week, which we actually did, in between some DVR sessions. Step 3 â€" We recognized our weaknesses. We tried doing the math practice problems together, but it wasn’t exactly successful. I got a tutor. The schools also demanded essays â€" lots of them. Having the self control to write that many essays is really hard. We identified nights after work where all we would do was write and give the other creative and some terrible ideas on how we could sell ourselves to the top schools in the country. That summer was intense and exciting. It was full of possibilities for the residents of our little apartment. With applications due in January the work continued into the Fall and included the new awkward task of asking for recommendations, which could be a blog post in itself. In the end it was all worth it. We got into every single school we applied to and begrudgingly left each other. That was the last step in the application process, saying goodbye to our old lives and imagining the next. As I graduated last month, this is one step I have unfortunately not yet completed.

The summer before applying to graduate school COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

The summer before applying to graduate school COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog A blog contribution by Megan Tackney, a recent SIPA graduate and former Admissions Program Assistant. (We miss you Megan!) It was just as hot and humid as it is now, maybe even worse. It was the beginning of summer in Washington D.C. and the women of Mintwood Place had decided to go to graduate school. I had lived in D.C. for almost 8 years and worked in advocacy at a women’s legal organization. My roommate was employed at one of the top political consulting firms in the country. Our third roommate, quite coincidentally also named Meaghan (different spelling), had moved out a year ago to go to SIPA, it was her dream school and it was all she talked about. We blame her for the higher education craze that took over our apartment. That summer we began to prepare for the graduate school application period. I collected packets and tracked information sessions for every school I was going to apply to, a total of 7. My roommate had a Volkswagen beetle, which for some reason always smelled like crayons, and we would squeeze ourselves in, and find these events in faraway places without transportation, like Georgetown. I asked co-workers if they knew students or alumni from possible schools and if I could talk to them. I wanted to know what jobs they held now, what the student body was like and if they were regretful of anything, and if so, what?     I tried to imagine my life in every city or in some cases, small towns, which was sometimes just as important as the school’s academic program. In addition to stalking alumni, we also had to take the GRE’s in the Fall. This meant studying and taking a test, something we hadn’t done in quite a while, but we were determined. Step 1 â€" We bought the prep. books. Step 2 â€" We made flash cards. We were going to learn 20 new words a week, which we actually did, in between some DVR sessions. Step 3 â€" We recognized our weaknesses. We tried doing the math practice problems together, but it wasn’t exactly successful. I got a tutor. The schools also demanded essays â€" lots of them. Having the self control to write that many essays is really hard. We identified nights after work where all we would do was write and give the other creative and some terrible ideas on how we could sell ourselves to the top schools in the country. That summer was intense and exciting. It was full of possibilities for the residents of our little apartment. With applications due in January the work continued into the Fall and included the new awkward task of asking for recommendations, which could be a blog post in itself. In the end it was all worth it. We got into every single school we applied to and begrudgingly left each other. That was the last step in the application process, saying goodbye to our old lives and imagining the next. As I graduated last month, this is one step I have unfortunately not yet completed.

Impact Of Globalisation On Higher Education - 1388 Words

Globalisation is the evolution of society which affect human life, education is one of those, especially in postgraduate degrees which receive the most influence from globalisation. The development in technologies and communication have produced a shift in learning system which affect cultures and national economic growth. Higher education systems has been transformed by globalisation, which is â€Å"the widening, deepening and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness† (Held et al., 1999, p.14). When examining the impact of globalisation on higher education all over the world, the positive and negative aspects of this phenomenon have been widely mentioned. Some writers argue that globalisation has the destructive effect to the postgraduate system in developing nations and non-English speaking developed nations (Marginson, 2006). Although the downsides of globalisation to higher education remain highly controversial, the occurrence of this phenomenon could significantly enc ourage national universities and governments to develop their standard of higher education which will benefit to students (Damme, 2001). Globalisation could increase cultural exchange and multicultural reality as well. This article sets out to analyse critically the overview of globalisation and how it has valuable effects to higher education in long terms. There are a large number of definitions for â€Å"Globalisation† which could have different meaning for different people. According to Knight (2001), itShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Globalisation On Higher Education940 Words   |  4 Pagesjsil3278@uni.sydney.edu.au Topic: What impacts has Globalisation had on higher education (HE)? A comparative study of Australia and United Kingdom. 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Responsible Enterprise And How It Effects Almost Every...

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Waddock Rasche (2012:4) suggest that responsible enterprise requires companies to live up to and maintain their integrity in line with that of the societies in which they operate by respecting the natural environment and looking after all stakeholders who are impacted by the business. Due to this, they will prepare their strategies and business practises around these core values. They are responsible transparent and accountable for their impact. This definition focuses on sustainability and continuity while making relationships with all stakeholders involved in the business mutually beneficial. There are many contrasting views about responsible enterprise, Milton FreidmanShow MoreRelatedDeveloping A Small Business For Business Enterprise1653 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction In the century of the IT technology, our team decided to develop a small business to business enterprise, which helps both sides: the retailers and the customers, and plays a linking point between them. 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A Interview On The Interview - 2332 Words

Eighty-six-and-a-half years of age, Caucasian man, â€Å"J.M.† graciously agreed to participate in this aging and systems interview. The interview was conducted in J.M.’s studio room of his home where his life’s work hangs on the walls and books, articles, awards, and family pictures surround him. This studio is also where J.M. spends a substantial amount of time researching different topics of interest on the internet, working on art at his table and sending comical e-mails to his family. He lives in a cozy, eco-friendly, single story home with his companion, my grandmother, and their two rescue dogs. As the interview starts J.M. is smiling, laughing, and making sure his oxygen is on; (he has no lung reserve). J.M. was diagnosed with pulmonary hypertension, emphysema, cardiomyopathy with aortic pulmonic tricuspid, and also suffers with arthritis. He was given six months to live two years ago. J.M. is on a three times a day schedule of multiple medicines and relies on his daily two hour nap to recharge. His breathing significantly limits his activities. He once swam, biked, and walked in one day; now the acts of getting up to plug in his razor and then to sit down, require a significant toll on his strength. J.M. complains of his arms and legs not working as they once did, and pulling muscles in his back more frequently, which at times can be debilitating. J.M. mentions residual damage from a fall years ago from scaffolding eighteen feet high, in which he fell and landed onShow MoreRelatedInterview : Interview And Interview915 Words   |  4 PagesInterview: Mak Recently, I had taken the time to interview Mak. Her full name is Eunice Mak and is a young lady of 26 years living in San Francisco, California with her grandparents, parents, and brother. She graduated from San Francisco State University with a Bachelor of Science in Human Development. She currently works at Kaiser as a Pharmacy Technician. Mak was born in Hong Kong, China and migrated along with her parents to Vancouver, Canada when she was only one-year-old. She later migratedRead MoreAn Interview At The Interview Essay1583 Words   |  7 PagesDemographics On October 26, 2016 an interview was conducted with Mr. Johnathan Bracey. During the interview session Mr. Bracey was able to clearly state basic information about himself. Basic information such as: Date of birth/age, gender, ethnicity, race, sexual orientation, marital/relationship status, primary language, socioeconomic status, and religion. When asked his date of birth Mr. Bracey stated, â€Å"I was born on the fifth of August during the year 1991, so I am currently twenty-five yearsRead MoreA Interview With An Interview Essay2011 Words   |  9 Pagesthe assignment was to interview another person and record it, then later analyze how well you used interview techniques. The interview was to last fifteen minutes and discuss why your interviewee had decided to choose a career in the health field. General Aspects of an Interview Overall, the interview was accomplished with few complications. There was definitely areas of the interview that need attending to, and there were areas in which I excelled. The dyadic interview started with an openingRead MoreA Interview At An Interview1585 Words   |  7 Pagesthe submission of my application, I received an email inviting me to the interview that would be conducted in company’s office in London. Overall, in my opinion, I did my best in terms of the preparation. I researched the company’s history, read about its most popular products and familiarized myself with the recent industry and company’s news (Burke and Thurgood 2007). A week prior to the interview date I attended an interview preparation session organized by the Careers Office which, as noted byRead MoreThe Interview With A Interview Essay1382 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough, all the participants had not experienced being in an interview before, they agree to have the interviews record ed. For them, it was the first time spoke openly to a person outside of their family and friends’ cycle about their experience. Women showed their interest on my research and felt that their participation might be helpful in informing cancer health care services. My aim from the recorded interviews is to understand how women response and interact with my questions that enabledRead MoreAn Interview With A Interview1691 Words   |  7 PagesAn interview involves communication between at least two persons. Each contributor impacts and is impacted by the responses of the other. The practice of interviewing is central to the work done in many mental health settings. Interviews may be conducted for a variety of intended purposes and can be structured, semi-structured, or unstructured to best serve the purpose of the interview. The goals of a particular interview relate to the context in which that interview is conducted. Ethical clinicalRead MoreA Interview On The Interview2335 Wo rds   |  10 Pagessystems interview. The interview was conducted in J.M.’s studio room of his home where his life’s work hangs on the walls and books, articles, awards, and family pictures surround him. This studio is also where J.M. spends a lot of time researching different topics of interest on the internet, working on art at his table and sending funny e-mails to his family. He lives in a cozy, eco-friendly, single story home with his companion, my grandmother, and their two rescue dogs. As the interview startsRead MoreOutline Of A Interview On The Interview848 Words   |  4 PagesHow to succeed on the interview As a famous singer prepares for a huge concert, he/she sees their success, double and triple checks their apparatus, and calms their anxieties by playing their favorite song on their iPod. It might not be this stressful of an emotion while preparing for a job interview, but preparing mentally and physically is a significant element that plays a important role in getting the job and successes that we try for. Interview can indeed be stressful, especially if we haveRead MoreInterview On The Interview Session941 Words   |  4 Pages Introduction The interview session is conducted face-to-face at home. At first, interviewing this individual was very difficult because of the personal relationship we share. Due to our goofy characteristics and light nature of our relationship, it was hard to be serious to conduct the standard interview and stick to the objective. However, we were able to compose ourselves and have a successful dialogue, where I was able to ask serious questions for the assignment. We had an effective conversationRead MoreInterview On The Interview Process872 Words   |  4 Pagesfor an interview. A job interview is never meant to scare the applicant away, but it is meant to create new futures and open doors giving them new and endless possibilities. It takes a lot of work to be fully prepared for your job interview; you need the right attire, make-up, and knowledge. As you’re driving to the interview you’re probably nervous, anxious, or wondering what questions will be asked by your future boss. The three main stages in the interview process are accepting an interview, getting

Reflections on Mental Health in Adults-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Write a Reflections on Mental Health in Adults. Answer: Introduction: As we age, the efficiency of our body systems slows down. Our mental health too, suffers in a way. However, while the problems of our body systems can be deducted through various tests and technologically advanced processes, the degrading mental health is slow to deduct, and sometimes too late to recover completely. Some of the old age problems, such as dementia, loss of clarity in thinking processes or degrading memory power are only ignored with a notion that they are the signs of advancing years. This is where one might go wrong in identifying the clear distress signals that the people of advanced years (or even in middle age) tend to communicate. Knowledge and proper vigilance by the care givers, can alter this trend, and get them under proper medical supervision. (Stevenson, 2013). This work is a reflection of my own experience in the field of pathophysiology of mental health in adults and how or where the present day techniques can be applied to enhance my work experience. Dementia Care Treatments in Adults: Often than not, adults approach us with various other complaints, such as not getting enough sleep or palpitations due to anxiety and weight issues. While not every case is a sure sign of mental illness, many of these are, sadly, due to deteriorating mental health. Some of the signs that we look for in patients include: Sudden disturbance in sleeping pattern Mood swings Substance abuse (related to psychological problems) Depression Changes in normal behaviour Most of these symptoms are not immediately deducted, although they have started long before a person comes for medical intervention. However, in several cases, even after feeling helpless and anxious, the patients do not approach for medical help due to the stigma attached to mental illness. (Conner, 2010). In case of dementia, however, the signs are slow and sometimes related to diseases like stroke. Some of the symptoms include: Loss of memory (here again, the intensity may differ) Language and communication Problem to focus or pay attention Perception of vision Judgement and reasoning (Dementia- Signs, symptoms and Diagnosis) Hence, in cases where they approach the experts for treatment, it is essential to have a one-on- one interview with the patient to review the aspects of their condition. Mental illness cannot be chunked to one particular box, with fixed symptoms. Each and every patient (subject) differs in their predicament, and each has their own complications. It is, therefore the responsibility of the experts, psychologists and other medical health professionals get to the root cause of the problem before dealing with sufficient solution. Many a times, in our practise, it becomes extremely difficult to get the person to agree to the consultation with an expert, since the term mental illness is still a taboo in various communities. The problem becomes further complex, when children (dependents) are smaller, and do not have means to fend for them. According to a study, almost 21-23% of children live with at least one parent who suffers from mental illness in Australia. (Goodyear, 2015). With such parental concerns, and also the stigma, people hesitate to approach, or outright avoid issues concerning their mental health, leading to aggravations, and dire situations, wherein experts need to keep them under observation for a long time. As an observer in the field of mental health, I have often noted that those patients, who come to us voluntarily, or through the help of family, have a better way of overcoming their problems. It is also often a combined effort of the primary caregiver (mostly a loved one), mental health specialist and health care professionals to bring the patients back to their happy self. (Stevenson, 2013). The major issue with older adults that one faces is with dementia. Alzemers disease, dementia, are problems which are commonly noted in older adults, and require a lot more care, and for a longer time frame. Dementia is a neurodegenerative disease, caused by the death of brain cells (MacGill, 2017). Since dementia can be categorized into many forms, depending upon their severity and causes, the first and foremost one does is to identify the type. Treatment of dementia again is a challenge, since it is not only the patients (usually older adults at the age of 60 and above), but also their loved ones who might have to face the trauma of dealing with the illness. Reflections on Mental Health in Adults: Research suggests that mental health is often associated with other diseases in older adults, such as heart conditions, stroke and so on, which curtails them from their favourite activities. This leads to depression, and behavioural changes in them, leading to mental health problems. Every year, more and more people (of age group 55 and above) come with such problems, which makes it difficult for the primary care givers to deal with them at home. Dementia itself claims one tenth of people above the age of 65 years. (McGill, 2017). While drugs like Oestrogen, folate and vitamin B12 are said to be advantageous in decreasing the cell degradation, (and sometimes in reviving the cells), other methods such as efficient care works out to be more efficient. (Australia A) According to a study of frequency and quality of dementia care in Australian adults, it is seen that only 39% came voluntarily to help, while 26% were treated according to the evidences seen by the professionals. While the other 16% received very less treatment, the rest 19% went undetected. (Harris et.al., 2015). This clearly shows the reluctance in adults to approach health care facilities for treatment or that they simply ignore and (or) unaware of their mental health conditions. Where do we need to make the change? Do we require a mental illness measurement indicator in hospitals to trap problems at its initial level? The study in the US suggests that the primary care settings can make a significant effort in identifying problems initially and then refer it to the relevant departments for further treatment. (Goodrich et. al, 2014). However, here too, one might encounter resistance in the patients, who might not want to take further help, from a mental health care professional. Therein lies the problem of social stigma attached to mental illness and dementia. Mental health is such that unless the patient (adult) themselves can come forward to seek help or let their loved ones to interfere on their behalf, (in case of dementia), it is extremely difficult to start treatment. Cooperating with the professionals is one of the primary and significant aspects of mental health care, and without it, the whole endeavour may not be successful. Summary: Increasing cases of mental health are a serious concern. What with todays stress filled lifestyle and so little time to care for the elders, many of the patients (in their older age) are left to fend for themselves, leading to dementia. Only a combined attempt of the primary care givers, the medical professional who is treating them for other illness and also the family members can make a change in the treatment. Since mental illness such as dementia and Alzheimer's is not a sudden occurrence, but something that will develop slowly, an earlier mediation can help the patients recover faster. Adults over the age of 55 especially, and with illness such as heart problems or arthritis and with curtailed movements need to be more carefully watched for symptoms of mental illness. Although there is no sure way to determine the mental health of a person, and dementia is slow to recognise, a consulting physician or a primary care giver (who has been seeing a person for a longer time) can identify the symptoms and bring it to the notice of an expert to make a change in their lives. References: Stevenson, S. 2013. 10 Symptoms of Mental Illness in the Elderly. Availalble at https://www.aplaceformom.com/blog/2013-10-7-mental-illness-in-the-elderly/ [Accessed on 21st Aug 2017] Conner, K. O., Copeland, V. C., Grote, N. K., Koeske, G., Rosen, D., Reynolds, C. F., Brown, C. 2010. Mental Health Treatment Seeking Among Older Adults with Depression: The Impact of Stigma and Race. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 531-543. Parekh, Rana 2015. Warning Signs of Mental Illness. American Psychiatric Association. Available at https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/warning-signs-of-mental-illness [Accessed on 21st Aug 2017] Goodrich, D. E., Kilbourne, A. M., Nord, K. M., Bauer, M. S. 2013. Mental Health Collaborative Care and Its Role in Primary Care Settings. Curr Psychiatry Rep., vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 383 Health Direct 2016. Nine signs of mental health issues. Available at https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/signs-mental-health-issue [Accessed on 21st Aug 2017] Harris, M. G., Hobbs, M. J., Burgess, P. M., Pirkis, J. E., Diminic, S., Siskind, D. J., Whiteford, H. A. 2015. Frequency and quality of mental health treatment for affective and anxiety disorders among Australian adults. Med J Aust, vol. 202, no. 4, pp. 185-189. Goodyear, M., Hill, T.-L., Allchin, B., McCormick, F. (2015). Standards of practice for the adult mental health workforce: Meeting the needs of families where a parent has a mental illness. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing. Available at https://tandemcarers.org.au/images/Goodyear_2015.pdf [Accessed on 21st Aug 2017] National Institute of Mental Health 2016. Older Adults and Mental Health. Available at https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/older-adults-and-mental-health/index.shtml [Accessed on 21st Aug 2017] MacGill, M. 2017. Dementia: Symptoms, treatments, and causes. Available at https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/142214.php [Accessed on 21st Aug 2017] Australia, A. 2014. Use of other therapeutic treatments. Available at https://www.fightdementia.org.au/national/about-dementia/how-is-dementia-treated/use-of-other-therapeutic-treatments [Accessed on 21st Aug 2017] Alzheimer's Association 2017. Dementia - Signs, Symptoms Diagnosis. Available at https://www.alz.org/what-is-dementia.asp [Accessed on 21st Aug 2017]

6 Entry-Level Biology Jobs to Explore

6 Entry-Level Biology Jobs to Explore So you majored in biology. The good news is, you’ll have a ton of job prospects in a variety of different fields: research, technology, education, business- and much more. All you need to do is figure out how to set yourself up with something entry-level that will get you where you inevitably want to go. If you’ve chosen not to specialize and go for post-graduate studies in a particular field of biology, then you’ll be looking at an entry-level median salary around $51k.Here are a few good first gigs to consider.Biologist TechnicianMedian pay: $37k. You’ll use a ton of the skills you’ve just cultivated in your undergrad career, analyzing data, doing tests and experiments, working with a team of other techs reporting to a biologist in charge. These jobs are available in healthcare, research, pharmaceutical, university, and RD settings- and require only the skills you already have plus attention to detail and data and the ability to work well on a tea m.Conservation ScientistMedian pay: $62k. The environment is going to be a major consideration in the next few decades. You might as well be on the side of the angels. Collect samples and perform analysis, and get to spend some great QT in the great outdoors.NutritionistMedian pay: $45k. You might not think of this immediately as a dream career, but you’re well equipped to help people make wise choices when it comes to what they eat. Apply what you’ve learned about the human body and its environment to help people become healthier. If you find you like it, you can get certified or pursue post-graduate study in nutrition and set yourself up with an excellent career.High School Biology TeacherMedian pay: $56k. Work in public, private, religious, or charter schools. As long as you have the communication skills and patience necessary to teach, you can just stay in your biology happy place forever.Medical/Clinical Lab TechMedian pay: $59k. This job outlook is about as fast in growth as the average, and you can take your pick of work environment: hospitals, medical and diagnostic labs, doctors’ offices, and academic environments. You’ll want to cultivate physical stamina, as well as good attention to detail, technology, and data.Pharmaceutical Sales RepMedian pay: $75k. If you have great people skills and stamina and don’t feel like being cooped up in a lab all day, this might be the gig for you. Your knowledge of biology will take you far. Your sales abilities will take you farther.All that said, your biology major actually sets you up with an incredibly versatile skill set. You’ve learned to conduct experiments from scratch, observe phenomena, test hypotheses, draw conclusions, analyze data, synthesize your findings into reports, papers, and presentations, and to interpret others’ work. You’ve also learned valuable analysis and critical thinking skills that will serve you well no matter where you end up.You s hould also consider going into different fields such as Genetics, Agriculture, Botany, Biomedical Engineering, Research, Medicine, Animal science, even Education. Just remember to pick something that you see yourself loving doing five years down the line and you’ll be fine.

How to use your time effectively when youre in between jobs

How to use your time effectively when youre in between jobs For most of us, our career paths are not a simple straight line. Instead, there are multiple twists and turns- some planned and others unexpected- along with diversions, reroutes and new and unexpected directions that appear as time goes by. In fact, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the average time people spend at their jobs is now only about 4.2 years. Our paths also include times in which we’re gainfully employed and times at which we find ourselves in between jobs, either by choice or circumstance. For most people, filling the time in between jobs can be a real challenge. We want to make sure that we’re using this time to our advantage, but figuring out how to do so effectively- especially if it’s a longer time period than we’d like it to be- can be difficult. With all of this weighing on your shoulders, it’s really in your best interest to try to structure and use your time effectively when you’re in between jobs- both for yo ur long-term health and happiness as well as to help set you up for your next job.Build and maintain your networkIn today’s job market, cold calling and responding to general job ads is way less effective than it used to be. These days, a significant percentage of new jobs are obtained by leveraging your network, which includes your personal and professional contacts. That said, are you taking full advantage of your network? While you’re in between jobs, building and maintaining your contacts is an invaluable use of your time, and who knows- it may not be long before one of your connections comes up with a job opening that perfectly fits what you need and can offer.Look for contract/freelance workJust because you’re between full-time jobs doesn’t mean your time has to be completely work free. In today’s job market, many companies utilize contract and freelance staff for a wide range of projects. Consider seeking out opportunities in your field or i n an area that fits your background and skill set; not only will it provide you with some income, it will also help fill in any lengthy time gaps on your resume- and who knows, if you do a particularly good job on a project you might be considered for a longer-term position when one becomes available.Take a classKeep your mind and skills sharp while in between jobs by taking a class. You can pursue a subject in your professional field- which may help you during your job hunt- or you can take a class in a completely unrelated subject that interests you. Either way, your time will be structured, educational, and well spent.VolunteerAnother good use of your time and energy in between jobs is to volunteer- not only will you be helping to support a worthy cause, you’ll also be keeping active and may possibly even acquire some new skills. Also, you may discover some completely new interests, which may help reshape your career aspirations.Create a backup planIf things just donâ€⠄¢t seem to be going your way and the amount of time that you’re unemployed is becoming a real issue, then it may be a valuable use of your time to come up with a backup plan. Take some time to research alternate fields of interest, industries where your existing background and skills may be easily transferable, and jobs that seem hot right now and have an abundance of openings. It may turn out that your backup plan pans out and makes you happier and more fulfilled than you previously were.Just because you’re in between jobs doesn’t mean that your time can’t be well spent. Use the strategies and advice presented here to make sure you’re using your time effectively.

Education in Britain 1979 to Present Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Education in Britain 1979 to Present - Essay Example The period from 1979-1997 can be referred as neo-liberalism era as it was characterised by marketisation especially of public services. According to Gillard (2011) it was also a period of social and economic restructuring whereby Thatcher applied her unpopular aggressive policies earning her the title of ‘iron lady’. Prior to conservative government taking over office tremendous changes had been made in the education sector especially resulting from the 1944 Education Act. This Act saw the introduction of free and compulsory education to pupils aged 5-16 and also the famous selection tests known as 11+ (Jones, 2003: 25). The schools were put on Local Education Authorities who were involved in funding and management of schools. Parents, in this case, did not have much choice as to what schools their pupils should attend. Although the Act was aimed at creating equal opportunities for students’ social class differences were still apparent as students from the middle class attended good schools while those from poor backgrounds ended up in technical schools. It was a three tier system comprising of grammar schools, technical school, and secondary modern. Exclusion thus persisted. While in office, the secretary for education James Callaghan had instituted a youth opportunity program for 16-18-year-olds in 1978 after a great debate on the nature and purpose of education. When Thatcher came into office she did not abolish the system but rather expanded it in 1980 and renamed in 1983 to be the Youth Training Scheme. However, the debate in her time was one sided ads she did nit involve other actors such as parents, teachers and governors. In 1980 she also started the Assisted Places Scheme to help those poor students who passed entrance exams to get free places (Chitty, 2004: 45; Gillard, 2011). The first agenda for Thatcher concerning education was to do away with the 11 plus selection exam but her efforts were thwarted since comprehensive schooling still enjoyed great popularity (Richmond, 2007). The curriculum in place is determined by the government of the day hence prone to a lot of changes. The selection exam was

Modern Political Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Modern Political Theory - Essay Example According to Leviathan a person who represents himself is a natural person, such a person representing his own thoughts and actions, whereas an artificial person represents the thoughts and actions of other people. It is possible for a person to alter his actions in different situations. Hobbes defines an actor as a person who is artificial who executes actions of another person whereas an author is someone who is the owner of his own thoughts and words. Hobbes says that a state is an example of artificial person as it cannot express its own actions and thoughts and is controlled by a power known as the Sovereign. It is said that the concept of sovereignty was created with the state in mind during the English Civil War. Thomas Hobbes said that a sovereign represent its people. The actions of the sovereigns are the actions of its people and if any person of the state objects to what the sovereign does then he is actually objecting himself (Machiavelli and Hobbes, 2005) Both Machiavelli and Hobbes both have helped us to get knowledge about political physiology. In order to differentiate between the concepts given by Machiavelli and Hobbes we have to view the methods used by them in their work. Hobbes was a well-known scholar of his time and put forward his political views into scientific forms. According to him if we examine politics from the perspective of science then we can reach to a conclusion and can create a peaceful state. In his book In de Corpore, he presented his views on mathematics, geometry, human nature and physics. He also presented the principles of political science in his book whereas Machiavelli found out how people behave or act in the world. He analyzed the behavior and actions of people and concluded the human nature. He wrote a book named Prince which was written during the Italian war, in which he found out about the selfish behavior of human being. He said that people behave in good manner when it is for their own

Analysis of Debt in the US

Analysis of Debt in the US TABLE OF CONTENTS 1) COVER PAGE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.PG1 2) TABLE OF CONTENTS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.PG2 3) OECD†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.PG3 3.1) PREDICTIONS OF USA ECONOMY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.PG 3.2) SOLUTIONS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.PG 4) IMPORTANCE OF DEFICIT REDUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦PG3 4.1) OBJECTIVES OF DEFICIT REDUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ PG 4.2) DISADAVTANGES †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦PG4 5) SUBSTANTIVE KEYNESIAN STIMULUS PACKAGE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..PG4 5.1) REFORM OF THE TAX SYSTEM†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.PG5 5.2) FISCAL POLICY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦PG5 6) CREDIT CRUNCH†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦PG6 6.1) MONETARY POLICY 7) BIBILOGRAPHY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦PG7 I) OECD is the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development which is an extraordinary gathering where the legislatures of 34 majority rule governments with business sector economies work with one another, and in addition with more than 70 non-part economies to advance monetary development, thriving and reasonable improvement. The association gives a setting where governments can hope to measure up approach encounters, look for answers to normal issues, recognize great practice and direction residential and worldwide strategies. Budget deficit is at the point when government consumptions surpass government charge incomes in a provided time, the legislature is handling a financial plan shortage for that duration. The monetary allowance deficiency, at which it is the contrast between legislature uses also in addition duty incomes, is capitalization by the government obtaining; the administration gives out permanent, periodically interested bonds and applies the returns to back the shortfall. The aggregate load of legislated connections and investment installments exceptional, from present and previous time, is known as the national debt. At US, they have been using more than they are supposed to, making a noteworthy deficiency since the end of the Clinton organization at which it becomes every day and can be followed to the penny. Much the same as any normal American family unit, overspending can bear on for amplified periods by moving over obligation and getting more cash in what would appear to be an endless session of pursuing our tail. For example, if the government was to spend $1 trillion, where would they get the money from? The answer to that question is from taxes and borrowed money from other countries and not to forget from private firms. Private firms are very much affected since their money is used by the government, their income decreases. It is at the point when the legislature funds a deficiency by acquiring, it is increasing the national debt. At the point when the legislature uses become short of what duty incomes in a certain duration, the administration is running a financial plan surplus for that year. Due to this deficit, US are unable to pay this large debt that they struggle to pay. To solve this problem, the best way is to raise tax and reduce spending. However, the principle issue is that both alternatives present dangers and dont generally balance one another like two moving targets. Case in point, basic using cuts on government employments could diminish the using base of numerous government representatives, which could make a slower-becoming economy with fewer assessments to gather. On the income side, essentially raising duties can have the same impact by diminishing disposable salary for family units and decreasing corporate benefits. This is precisely why the methodology of lessening a shortfall is a fragile tradeoff, and lawmakers do a complex move to get those results. II) In the US, their debt has reached $13 trillion and has become a major issue since they have resulted in budget deficit. They apply the two schools of thought which is fiscal policy and monetary policy to try and solve this problem. Monetary is a term used to allude to the activities of national banks to accomplish macroeconomic approach goals, for example, price stability, full employment, and stable economic growth whereas fiscal is a term used to allude to the assessment and the use of strategies of the central government. There are many objectives of monetary policy; the first one is full employment which has been positioned among the principal destinations of financial strategy. It is a vital objective not just on the grounds that unemployment prompts wastage of potential yield, additionally in view of the loss of social standing and self esteem. Another objective would be price stability which is to balance out the price level since vacillations in costs bring vulnerability and shakiness to the economy. There is also economic growth as a target of monetary policy which involves the actual per capita wage of a nation increment over a drawn out stretch of time and lastly the equilibrium in payments. However there are its potential negative effects, â€Å"Bernanke explicitly targets a policy of helping the rich (those who own stocks) and then suggests that the result of making the rich richer will be increased consumption and final demand which will somehow trickle down to the guys and gals in the unemployment line.†[taken from website] http://www.businessinsider.com/the-consequences-of-easy-monetary-policy-2012-9#ixzz3KE7KCpcd ]This explains that the policy benefits the rich compared to the average American since this policy provide occupations for those who own stocks and this result in the increase of unemployment for the average American. Hence this can slow down economic growth. â€Å"It is pretty standard for Keynesian economics professors to deride supply-side economics and what they call trickle-down economics. Cutting taxes on the rich will translate into a better economy and jobs?† [taken from website:http://www.businessinsider.com/the-consequences-of-easy-monetary-policy-2012-9#ixzz3KE8ejXC0] this additionally alludes to the event of the rich that their lavishness can permit them to escape tax however this will bring about the defeat of the economy since they are not given the extraordinary treatment like the wealthier individuals. The increase in high unemployment will benefit the government since they can reduce government spending in paying wages to the employees but will result in high inflation because this will affect prices as there is a shortage in supply which can be seen in the graph provided. In fiscal policy there are many types of policies, it joins conventional and Keynesian points of view of fiscal methodology. It is the conviction that expansionary and contractionary cash related arrangements are able to be utilized to impact macroeconomic execution which is most nearly connected with Keynes and his devotees. The established perspective of expansionary or contractionary monetary arrangements is that such approaches are unnecessary in light of the fact that there are business systems for instance, the adaptable alteration of costs and salaries—which provide to keep the economy at or close to the characteristic level of genuine GDP at all times. Appropriately, established economists accept that the administration ought to carry out an adjusted plan every single year. Earlier mentioned, due to the favor of the government for the wealthy people, there is a way to solve the inflation US is facing by applying the contractionary fiscal methodology. Keynesians debate that money related methodology can be applied to fight expected additions in the rate of development. Expect that the economy is starting now at the consistent level of certified GDP and that aggregate investment is foreseen to construct further, which will bring about the AD curve in Figure to move from AD 1 to AD 2. The governing body can take off this inflation by partaking in a contractionary budgetary system proposed to diminishing aggregate demand by enough to keep the AD curve from moving out to AD 2. Again, the governing body needs just to decrease utilizations or increase taxes by a little entirety as an issue of the multiplier affects that such exercises will have. However Fiscal policy has its negative effects, one of them includes the ‘poor sales’ which involves the downfall of small businesses due to lack of demand. The stress on the budget deficit, really, has provoked a net drag from budgetary approach on the economy. Goldman Sachs has released its latest chart demonstrating what sum monetary methodology is cheapening improvement now and in future years. This can be shown in the chart given. The fiscal policy, in the middle of the state and neighborhood government, is giving for the most part a 0.6% delay in GDP in this quarter. Financial arrangement went negative in the second quarter of 2010, and has been postponing advancement since the time that. This is what is implied by public division dejection. State and central government have been dragging down the economy for 8 quarters, and that is depended upon to continue for very much a while, through the end of 2013 according to this layout. In addition, the dotted line on the outline demonstrates what would happen if Congress does not pass the payroll tax break through the end of the year, alongside unemployment advantages. III) Credit crunch is the cash market condition in which advances are difficult to get. Credit crunch happens normally when a council tries to control swelling by constraining impediments on loanings to clients and little associations which this can likewise be called credit press. A credit crunch is frequently made by a kept up time of rash and disgraceful advancing which realizes hardships for giving foundations and monetary pros in the red when the advances turn barbarous and the full level of horrendous commitments becomes known. Basic credit conditions (sometimes implied as ache free pay or segregated credit) are depicted by low premium rates for borrowers and detached advancing practices by dealers, making it easy to get sparing advances. A credit crunch is the opposite, in which speculation rates climb and giving practices tighten. Straightforward credit conditions intimates that funds are expeditiously available to borrowers, which realizes asset expenses climbing if the progressed stores used to buy assets in a particular business part, for instance, land or stocks. Credit crunch is usually caused by a few factors, some of the main causes include the fall in bank giving, fall in certainty coming about because of the budgetary flimsiness, fall in fares from worldwide recession, collapse in lodging markets prompting negative riches impacts which then brings about monetary grimness aggravating the beginning fall in GDP. In Europe, the single money made extra issues due to over-esteemed trade rates, and high security yields. Apart from that, the fall in house cost was an alternate variable prompting retreat. In the blast years, climbing house costs (and riches) underpinned higher purchaser using. At the point when house costs dropped, numerous mortgage holders confronted negative value. Hence, they decrease using and could no more depend on re-selling to increase value withdrawal. The worldwide nature of the emergency implied that there was additionally a drop in world exchange. Nations, saw a drop in fares as the worldwide downturn prompted lower request. In 2008, there was additionally a top in oil costs. This confounded matters in light of the fact that it brought on expense push swelling. This expense push swelling made Central Banks more hesitant to cut premium rates. Likewise, higher oil costs lessened optional salary and prompted lower using. Typically in a subsidence, oil costs fall. Then again, due to climbing request in China and India, we saw climbing oil costs – even as Europe and the US went into subsidence. High oil and thing costs were an alternate component lessening interest. This affects the UK economy through several factors. The first factor is companies; it is where the English organizations are attempting to survive amidst the credit crunch. There is also repossession starting to become popular. The administration of value expresses that the amount of court appeals for home advance repossessions rose to 28,568 in March, April and May to the end of June. This is a 24% increase during the same period in the previous year and the most noteworthy since the second from last quarter of 1992, during which 30,587 requests were created. There is also mortgages where the quantity of home loans affirmed for residential buys decreased by 70% in the year. August was to remain at only 32,000 and the quantity of individuals remortgaging additionally reduced, decreasing to 64,000 in August from a normal of 88,000 in the past six months as a consequence of strict giving circumstance, the administration stated that the quantity of houses being bargained for in Britain tumbled to its lowest standard since August, 1959. In addition, there is consumer credit and pensions. The affect of credit crunch in US is billions of pounds cleaned off British annuity plans since the beginning of credit crunch the previous summer. Benefits specialists Hargreaves Lansdowne assessed that the framework has lost two hundred and fifty billion and is currently worth about  £1,000 billion. Besides that, there is noteworthy stress over the timeframe and earnestness of the credit crunch brought on by the present budgetary problem. Few confirmations show that this could transform into a standout amongst the most exceedingly horrendous credit crunches in late history. Economists describe it as a recognize pound as an issue withdrawal in the provision of credit mirrored in the squeezing of credit conditions. A key gage of balance terms, the ‘Federal Reserves Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey on Bank Lending Practices’, exhibited a documented stage of tightening in October 2008 in the course of the given duration. For far reaching companies, 84.4% of the greates t outlined reserve and 82.6% of the smaller concentrated on banks stated a constrict credit measures. For more diminutive companies, 71.9% of the greater reserves and 78.3% of the smaller reserves reported pressure. None of the audited banks expressed any encouraging of measures. The January 2009 diagram similarly displayed amazing pressure—however not precisely as passionate as the numbers in October. For broad companies, 65.5% of gigantic reserves and 62.5% of humbler banks abatement balance over the duration of three-months. For little companies, the rates were 67.8% and 70.9% independently. BIBLIOGRAPHY INVESTOPEDIA STAFF. ().budget deficit.Available: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/budget-deficit.asp. Last accessed 25/11/2014 Michael Schmidt. ().The U.S. National Spending And Debt.Available: http://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/052213/us-national-spending-and-debt.asp . Last accessed 25/11/2014.v Federal reserve system. (2014).What is the difference between monetary policy and fiscal policy, and how are they related? Available: http://www.federalreserve.gov/faqs/money_12855.htm. Last accessed 25/11/2014. Saritha Pujari Policies. ().Monetary Policy: Meaning, Objectives and Instruments of Monetary Policy.Available: http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/policies/monetary-policy-meaning-objectives-and-instruments-of-monetary-policy/11134/. Lastaccessed 25/11/2014. Smriti ChandEconomics. ().FiscalPolicy: Meaning, Objectives and Other Information | Article on Economics.Available: http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/economics/fiscal-policy-meaning-objectives-and-other-information-article-on-economics/29231/. Lastaccessed25/11/2014. John Maulidin. (2012).The Consequences Of EasyMonetary Policy.Available: http://www.businessinsider.com/the-consequences-of-easy-monetary-policy-2012-9. Lastaccessed25/11/2014. cliffnotes. ().Fiscal Policy.Available: http://www.cliffsnotes.com/more-subjects/economics/fiscal-and-monetary-policy/fiscal-policy. Last accessed 25/11/2014 David Dayen. (2012).Fiscal PolicyHavingNegative Impacton Economic Growth.Available: http://news.firedoglake.com/2012/01/10/fiscal-policy-having-negative-impact-on-economic-growth/. Last accessed 25/11/2014. http://www.theguardian.com/business/2008/oct/13/economics-creditcrunch investopedia Tejvan Pettinger. (2013).The great recession 2008-13.Available: http://www.economicshelp.org/blog/7501/economics/the-great-recession/. Last accessed 25/11/2014/.

gene therapy :: essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gene Therapy Gene Therapy is the insertion of a gene or genes into cells in order to provide a new set of instructions to those cells. Gene insertion can be used to correct an inherited genetic defect which is causing disease, to counter or correct the effects of a genetic mutation, or even to program a cell for an entirely new function or property. Genes are composed of molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA (see Nucleic Acids), and are usually located in the nucleus of cells. The instructions that direct the development of an organism are encoded within the genes. Some diseases such as cystic fibrosis are caused by an inherited genetic defect. Other diseases are caused by a miscoding of a gene so that the instructions it contains are disrupted or changed. Genetic miscoding occurs when the DNA in a cell is being duplicated during cell growth and division (somatic mutation) and is common when a cell becomes cancerous. Clinical use of gene therapy began on September 14, 1990, at the National I nstitute of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, when a four-year-old girl received gene therapy treatment for adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency, an ordinarily fatal inherited disease of the immune system. Because of this genetic defect she was susceptible to recurrent life-threatening infections. Gene therapy for this patient involved using a genetically modified virus to carry a normal ADA gene into her immune cells. The inserted ADA gene then programmed the cells to produce the missing ADA enzyme, which led to normal immune function in those cells. This treatment temporarily helped her to develop resistance to infection. Gene therapy may eventually provide effective treatment for many diseases that currently have no cure. These include inherited disorders such as cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy, and juvenile diabetes. In addition, gene therapy can also be used to treat many disorders that are not inherited, since gene insertion can also program a cell for an entirely new function . Several new therapies for non-genetic disorders are currently being tested.

Difference between memory and knowledge Essay

Memory is the mental faculty of retaining and recalling past experience. It’s a very complex system and to understand it there have been many theories that attempt to explain it. In order to help me answer this question, I will look at the theorist JM Gardiner, along with other theorists such as Tulving, Mandler and Schacter in order to help me conclude if they are the same thing, inter-related or completely different. Tulving (1985), distinguished between two quite different recollective experiences: remembering, which is someone’s concrete awareness of oneself (autonoetic consciousness) in the past, which is driven by the prefrontal cortex, allows people to mentally represent past, present, and future experiences in a highly personal and subjective manner. And knowing, which is your abstract knowledge (noetic consciousness) of the past, which is the feeling that we know certain information and that the information is objective rather than subjective. Gardiner and colleagues (Gardiner & Java, 1990, 1993; Gardiner, Richardson-Klavhen, & Ramponi, 1997) developed a test in which participants are given a recognition task for a list of common words viewed earlier and classify each of the recognized items as something they remember (R response) or know (K response), was on the study list. Participants received detailed instructions so that their R responses and K responses reflect retrieval from episodic and semantic memory. For example, participants are told to make R responses to test items that they can consciously reexperience from the study list (e.g., participants make R responses to test items because in their mind’s eye, they consciously recollect seeing those words on the study list). In contrast, participants are told to make K responses to test items if they (a) are certain those were on the study list but (b) have no specific personal or contextual recollection of the items’ previous presentation. The use of this technique has shown that some independent variables (e.g., dividing attention at study) affect the frequency of R, but not K, responses, whereas other variables have the exact opposite influence. Memory of a personal life event may be categorized as a K response, which is  relatively impersonal and objective. A memory qualifies as a K response if people know a great deal about the details of a previous event but do not mentally reexperience the exact perceptual, contextual, and emotional details of the original event. Gardiner’s remember-know distinction maps are similar to that of Mandler’s (1980) distinction between recognition by retrieval and recognition by familiarity. Recognition by retrieval involves remembering an event as an event, including the personal, time and place context in which the event occurred; in contrast, recognition by familiarity involves a feeling that some event occurred in the past, in the absence of conscious recollection of that event. For Gardiner, Remember judgments reflect recognition by retrieval, while Know judgments reflect recognition by familiarity. An alternative framework is provided by Schacter’s (1987) distinction between explicit and implicit memory. The hippocampus is important in the formation of explicit memories. They involve the conscious recollection of an experience from the past. Due to the hippocampus not fully developing until about the age of 3, this explains why we can’t remember events prior to this, a condition known as infantile amnesia. The cerebellum seems important in the formation of implicit memories which are memory-based changes in behaviour that occur independent of, and in the classic case in the absence of, conscious recollection. Contexual information can be defined as information associated with memory which enables that memory to be distinguished from all others. Hewitt (1973) proposed a distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic context. A change in intinsic arises when some aspect of the target changes (ie the colour of their hair), whereas a change in extrinsic is the change in information accompanying the target (ie meeting someone in somewhere you wouldn’t expect them to be). In Gardiner’s case, remembering reflects explicit memory, while knowing reflects implicit memory. There are at least three varieties of recollective experience: firstly remembering which involves the conscious recollection of some past event, as an explicit expression of episodic memory; knowing which is the abstract  knowledge of that event, as an item in semantic memory; and feeling is the intuition that an event occurred in the past, as an implicit expression of episodic memory. So for example, semantic memory enables a man to know what the term birthday refers to and that he celebrated his last birthday by having dinner at a particular restaurant with his wife, whereas episodic memory allows that same man to reexperience from a personal and subjective point of view the sights, sounds, smells, and feelings that accompanied that dinner. Metamemory is our ability to know whether or not our memories contain a particular piece of information. An example might be failing to recall the capital of France (Paris) but knowing that you would recognise it if you saw it – this is an ability known as a feeling of knowing. These experiences are familiar to anyone who has ever taken a multiple-choice test. Sometimes, we choose a response because we remember the circumstances under which we learnt it. Or on other occasions, we choose a response because we just know the answer, it’s part of our knowledge about the world, and we don’t remember the circumstances under which we learned the answer. Tulving and Gardiner believe that remember and know judgments are based on retrieval from different memory systems: episodic and semantic memory, perhaps, or explicit and implicit memory. However, it could also be that â€Å"remember† and â€Å"know† are based on retrieval from a single memory system, and that the categories of remember, know, and so forth are substitutes for different levels of confidence associated with the recognition judgments. Both Tulving (1985) and Gardiner (1988) have rejected this interpretation, even though Tulving actually gathered evidence favouring it. Tulving’s subjects studied 36 words, and then made Yes/No recognition judgments, confidence ratings (on a 3 point scale), and Remember/Know ratings. The average confidence rating associated with Remember judgments was 2.74, while that of Know judgments was 2.08. However, Gardiner & Java (1990) argued that confidence ratings affect Remember/Know judgments. People may base their confidence ratings on their recollective experience, so that the two are not independent. In their 2nd  experiment, the subjects studied 60 items, 30 words and 30 non words, and then made Yes/No recognition judgments followed by Remember/Know ratings. The result was a double dissociation: more words received remember than know judgments, while the reverse was true for nonwords. In the 3rd experiment which was identical to the 2nd, except the people being tested classified recognized items into â€Å"Sure† and â€Å"Unsure† categories. This time there was no dissociation. Rajaram (1993) performed a similar pair of experiments, with similar results, and came to same conclusion. Substituting Sure/Unsure ratings for Remember/Know judgments got rid of the dissociations observed with Remember/Know, so both Gardiner and Java (1990) and Rajaram (1993) conclude that Remember/Know is not merely a substitute for confidence. Although the Remember/Know distinction is commonly interpreted in terms of different memory systems, it is suspected instead that these different memories reflect retrieval of different information from a single common store. Know judgments require retrieval only of information from a list, while remember judgments seem to require retrieval of information about spatiotemporal context, and you need to experience the event yourself. Knowing and remembering something are very similar, the definition of to know is to have fixed in the mind, recognize and have experience of, and the definition of remember is to retain in memory, to think of again. In order to know something it can be quite impersonal, general information about things such as the is the prime minister, this is the semantic memory, however in order to remember something you need to know specific details about the event such as going on holiday, you remember the sights and sounds and the feelings you experienced, this is the episodic memory. In order to remember you need to be able to retrieve information, remember an event as an event, whereas to know you need to just be familiar with it, have a feeling that some event may have occurred before. So to say there is a difference between knowing and remembering something is hard, there are clear cut differences as explained, however without one we couldn’t have the other, they are inter-related. It is all the same memory system in which we use to know or to remember something. It is the different  processes and different levels of experience or relation to you that makes them different. References †¢Gardiner, J.M., & Java, R.I. (1990). Recollective experience in word and nonword recognition. Memory & Cognition, 18, 23-30. †¢Memory and amnesia, 2nd edition, Alan J Parker, page 17-18,33, 36,116†¢Memory observed, remembering in natural contexts, 2nd edition, Ulric Neisser, Ira E. Hayman, jr. Page 109†¢Psychology powerpoint – Memory II – Lecture 3: Theories of Short and Long Term Memory, 2005, University of Glamorgan. †¢Rybash, John M.; Monaghan, Brynn E, Episodic and semantic contributions to older adults’ autobiographical recall, The Journal of General Psychology. 126 no1 (Jan. ’99) p. 85-96. †¢Schacter, D.L. (1987). Implicit memory: History and current status. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 501-518. †¢Tulving, E. (1972). Episodic and semantic memory. In E. Tulving & W. Donaldson (Eds.), Organization of memory (pp. 381-403). New York: Academic Press. †¢Tulving, E. (1985). Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychology, 1-12. †¢Your Memory A user’s guide, Alan Baddeley, Page 13, 75-76,81,94-95,

Evaluate the Successes and Failures of Chinas Ethnic Relations Policy in Xinjiang - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2305 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/03/18 Category Analytics Essay Level High school Tags: Failure Essay Did you like this example? Peoples Republic of China is known as a newly emerged economic power in international arena, which has become a powerful state with great involvement in international cooperation, peace promotion and trade market. Yet, being one of the top countries in the world, it also has its specific region â€Å" Xinjiang â€Å" which is viewed as an ambiguous issue by both Western and Asian scientists. After the introduction of the Chinese governments special policy on the development of this region, Xinjiang which is located in the Western part of China, has turned out to be more populated by Chinese population rather than ethnic minorities who used to live in that area for a long time. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Evaluate the Successes and Failures of Chinas Ethnic Relations Policy in Xinjiang" essay for you Create order After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Central Asian countries became independent, and Xinjiang played a key role in connecting with those neighbouring countries. Thus, the Chinese government started to pay more attention to the western part of the country, developing agricultural sector and natural resources production within the last decades. However, such a sudden switch of the economic development direction and active state involvement in regions affairs was unexpected by most of regional dwellers. By saying locals, it is meant that this particular region is inhabited by ethnic minorities, such as Uyghurs, Dunguns, Kazakhs, Mongols, and other nationalities; and after the regions development Han Chinese representatives were also settling in this area, leaving their permanent residences in eastern and central parts of China. However, the first issue to pay attention to was not only economic development or industrialisation, but the educational sphere of the region. As the policy was aimed at changing all structures of the region, the innovations in educational institutions were not exceptional. The reason why I draw attention to the educational sector is that the young are those who are going to lead the country in the near future, who inherit all knowledge and experience to keep going in the pace of already developed state, making it more prosperous. Hence, in order to prevent any possible consequences of the newly formed mixture of various nationalities, first of all, there should be policies or reforms concerned the educational system. Xinjiang has become a culturally diverse place and needed assistance to enhance cooperation and collaboration of every citizen, taking into account particularities of religious, national and cultural matters. Moreover, viewing the current status quo of Chinese success in economic development and trade (second economy in the world), I suppose that the successes of implemented policies and measures outweigh some negative aspects that are likely to exist due to imperfection and externalities which are natural to human societies. Different views were also expressed by several scholars who have contributed by writing articles and doing researches in this specific topic of Xinjiang and its educational sphere and general transformation of Western part of China. The articles provide information not only about the ways of policys implementation and expected outcomes, but also the results achieved within the next several years. Certainly, it is quite difficult to work out perfect strategy with no drawbacks; therefore there are a few disadvantages that appeared during the policys accomplishment. Although my main argument is more concentrated on the education sphere of Xinjiang, the first article represents a general view of the regional development strategy and it creates a full picture of what the development in the western part of the country is about. Then, the next two articles support the point that education is vital aspect that the government paid attention to and did best to develop and promote good level of education for the growing generation of ethnic minorities. The first literature is called Ethnic Minorities in Chinas Official Discourse on the Western Development Project by V. Elena Barabantseva (2009). The purpose of the paper was to assess the consequences of Chinese official development discourse stated in Western Development Program (WDP) launched in 2000 and evaluate localization and citizenship matters by relying on the official sources, including Chinese scholars and experts. As soon as the project went into force, In the first year after the official launch of the campaign more than 600.000 Han Chinese moved into the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (Barabantseva 2009, p.12). So, the government made a decision to attract Han Chinese citizens to come in order to contribute in the welfare of Xinjiang with the help of their knowledge, experience, and professional skills. Certainly, in most cases, such diverse representatives of different cultures could possibly result in interests collision; therefore, the authorities sought desire to pacify â€Å" or harmonize and stabilize â€Å" the states orders and hoped that a growing economy will enrich the local inhabitants and security problems and separatist tensions will decline as a result (Barabantseva 2009, p.13). On the one hand, the project gave a green light for the rapid development, opening new doors for those who are interested in improving the region, not splitting society into different nationalitie s who are allowed to work and who are not. However, on the other hand, there was a newly emerged issue of ethnic minorities being localized, i.e. ethnic minorities who experience difficulties to take part in social and economic modification on the same terms as Han Chinese. According to E. Barabantseva (2009), Ethnic minorities [] are associated with backwardness, underdevelopment, and stagnation among other derogatory characteristics (p.8). One more interesting point that the author argued about is connected with poverty issue. It is considered that the ethnic minorities are nearly a half of the poor in China (Barabantseva 2009, p.21). However, after having thoroughly investigated this question, it has become clear that indeed Shanxi Province which is officially exclusively Han, had some of the worst economic indicators in the country (Barabantseva 2009, p.20). Hence, it probably may turn out that the WDP program aimed at the growing development level in Xinjiang could have reached partly its goals, supporting this regions development actions. Yet, there are also some disadvantages of the strategy related to the different level of income paid to Han Chinese and ethnic minorities, i.e. despite the fact that both representatives of society live together and share common norms and aims, ethnic minorities get lower wages in comparison with Han Chinese (Barabantseva 2009, p.21). Overall, the article is successful in accomplishing its main tasks provided in thesis: explanation of the matters of citizenship, localization and mentioning of inequality and poverty issues; revealing of the WDP strategy and its aims, expressed in economic development and unity of multinational population. However, due to the fact that the article was written in 2009, only nine years after the implementation of such global and important program, there is not enough information to find and see results of a longer term than a decade, especially taking into account the fact that such huge projects are known as long-term strategies that are difficult to be accomplished fully within short period of time. Regarding the methodology used by the author, it is a discourse analysis, which is neither qualitative nor quantitative method, but it discusses basic issues by providing evidence and authors reflections. Thus, such approach is suitable for this article, as it goes straight to the points of the strategy and analyzes important matters of the program. One more work written on the theme related to education is called The Xinjiang Class: Education, Integration, and the Uyghurs by Timothy A.Grose. The paper examined efficiency of the specific policy for Xinjiang middle school-aged students who got an opportunity to study for free during the last four years in eastern part of China. The aim of the program was improve the level of education and skills of Xinjiang students who come from ethnic minorities families, thus integrating them into one united Chinese society. Although the authors main argument was pro-resistance of Uyghur students to integrate in Han society, there are several strong points that reveal positive consequences on the general education level and good intention of the government to educate the population of its state. Providing Uyghurs with an inexpensive education has been portrayed in the Chinese media as the CCP acting as a kind parent (Grose 2010, p.7). The government created special conditions to attract and motivate students to take part in such program and learn not only the Chinese language, but also to become more experienced and skillful after having been graduated. The conditions comprised lowered standards on the college entrance exam, adding bonus points and instituting a quota systems at universities in Xinjiang (Grose 2010, pp.4-5). Moreover, there are specific provisions in meal and holidays celebrations created with respect to Muslims society, such as halal cafeterias with Chinese Muslims or Uyghur chefs, and Nauryz and Kurban holidays (Grose 2010, p.6). But, the author also drew attention to the policy seen more as a political mechanism to instill ideas of ethnic unity (Grose 2010, p.6). The author also provided examples with interviews (as a part of methodology) taken from Xinjiang Class graduates who were mostly Uyghurs and Kazakhs. The interviewees shared their own experience after graduation and in most cases were less satisfied with their studies, claiming that the interaction with Han students was quite uncomfortable, and the language used in speaking among their friends was more Uyghur outside the classroom rather than Chinese (Grose 2010, p.8). The author assumed that despite positive characteristics of the program, it has failed, but it can be seen through the paper that CCP has implemented pretty organized system for educating pupils for their better skills and knowledge. The failure described by author is expressed in less integration with Han Chinese and low level of satisfaction by graduated students. However, there is one more important factor of necessary integration of students with Han as they are going to work together for improving Xinjiang region and be more tied and united in the future. The article was also written 8 years ago which says that there were only two generations of graduates of Xinjiang Class, and now as the situation in international arena has changed, the outcomes and improvements are highly to happen. The rapid economic growth, international collaboration particularly with Central Asian states could have improved the system and made CCP introduce amendments to replace drawbacks with positive cha nges. In comparison to the previous articles methodology, this article has advantage in conducting interviews from first sources, from those who were part of the program and are credible and reliable source of information. Yet, at the same time, the relevance of the data is becoming less important as the status quo of the countries, including political and economic changes, are changing from day to day rapidly. The last article to review is called Bilingual Education in Xinjiang in the Post-2009 period by Sonika Gupta and R.Veena (2016). The article demonstrates the changes in educational policies after 2009 known for ethnic riots that signaled the government that it should have been reconsidered, taking into account linguistic issues of ethnic minorities at educational institutions. One more work concludes that, although the central government provides suitable and appropriate conditions for educational purposes, there are newly emerging obstacles during studying process which rather disintegrate minorities from Chinese society. Yet, in the paper, there is much more evidence of the official information and measures introduced in favor of ethnic minorities interests which overweight negative sides of the question. For instance, 2014 Xinjiang Conference with the participation of leader Xi Jinping pointed out the introduction of new conditions in minority-dominated regions and stressed the ro le of ethnic unity as crucial to developing stability in Xinjiang (Global Times 2014b, as cited in Gupta and Veena 2016). Also, the state proposed subsidies for inter-racial marriages and Uyghurs migration out of Xinjiang alongside with the improvement of inter-ethnic communication between the two nations (Gupta and Veena 2016, p.8). The policy amendments introduced after 2009 seemed to introduce improvements in the policies and prevent other riots or misunderstandings in the region. According to the official sources, there were new implementations at schools by training teachers to learn both languages for teaching purposes and more disbursement given to Xinjiang students who enjoyed special conditions while studying at high schools. Concerning an issue about the learning of Putonghua (standard Chinese) in kindergarten, it helps children to be more prepared for school, as they will be able both to study and interact with Han Chinese. Thus, such innovation appears to benefit the children who will be bilingual since the early childhood and probably will not have difficulties with studying on Putonghua and may have certain advantages towards a future career. Analyzing and comparing two articles, it has become clear that the western part of China remains an important region with its specificity in multi ethnicity and linguistic matters. Yet, the central government has introduced a number of measures and created special conditions to foster the young who wish to study and be more skillful and competitive with Han Chinese. The first two articles have revealed the results of the projects like Western Development Policy and Xinjiang Class by 2009 and the third article showed that despite the creation of good environment for development in Xinjiang, both in economic and educational spheres, there was huge necessity to reconsider and amend the policy due to appraisals happened in 2009 in Urumqi. However, in spite of some failures that the system experienced, the region overall could reach high rates of GDP and overall budget rise since 2000s. According to news article Xinjiangs economy growth 7.6% in 2016 (2017), The regions GDP reached 961.7 billion yuan ($139.8 billion) in 2016 with continued expansion of the tertiary sector, which made up 57 percent of the regions gross domestic product in the first three quarters. Hence, the overall development and integration of ethnic minorities could have progressed since the beginning of the 21st century and the policies worked well to accomplish main purposes. The State Council Information Office of the PRC provided that By the end of 2016, there were 107 public libraries, 90 museums, 53 galleries, 119 cultural centers, and 1,170 township (community) cultural activity venues, all offering free access to the public (China SCIO 2017).