Education in Britain 1979 to Present Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Education in Britain 1979 to Present - Essay Example The period from 1979-1997 can be referred as neo-liberalism era as it was characterised by marketisation especially of public services. According to Gillard (2011) it was also a period of social and economic restructuring whereby Thatcher applied her unpopular aggressive policies earning her the title of ‘iron lady’. Prior to conservative government taking over office tremendous changes had been made in the education sector especially resulting from the 1944 Education Act. This Act saw the introduction of free and compulsory education to pupils aged 5-16 and also the famous selection tests known as 11+ (Jones, 2003: 25). The schools were put on Local Education Authorities who were involved in funding and management of schools. Parents, in this case, did not have much choice as to what schools their pupils should attend. Although the Act was aimed at creating equal opportunities for students’ social class differences were still apparent as students from the middle class attended good schools while those from poor backgrounds ended up in technical schools. It was a three tier system comprising of grammar schools, technical school, and secondary modern. Exclusion thus persisted. While in office, the secretary for education James Callaghan had instituted a youth opportunity program for 16-18-year-olds in 1978 after a great debate on the nature and purpose of education. When Thatcher came into office she did not abolish the system but rather expanded it in 1980 and renamed in 1983 to be the Youth Training Scheme. However, the debate in her time was one sided ads she did nit involve other actors such as parents, teachers and governors. In 1980 she also started the Assisted Places Scheme to help those poor students who passed entrance exams to get free places (Chitty, 2004: 45; Gillard, 2011). The first agenda for Thatcher concerning education was to do away with the 11 plus selection exam but her efforts were thwarted since comprehensive schooling still enjoyed great popularity (Richmond, 2007). The curriculum in place is determined by the government of the day hence prone to a lot of changes. The selection exam was

Modern Political Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Modern Political Theory - Essay Example According to Leviathan a person who represents himself is a natural person, such a person representing his own thoughts and actions, whereas an artificial person represents the thoughts and actions of other people. It is possible for a person to alter his actions in different situations. Hobbes defines an actor as a person who is artificial who executes actions of another person whereas an author is someone who is the owner of his own thoughts and words. Hobbes says that a state is an example of artificial person as it cannot express its own actions and thoughts and is controlled by a power known as the Sovereign. It is said that the concept of sovereignty was created with the state in mind during the English Civil War. Thomas Hobbes said that a sovereign represent its people. The actions of the sovereigns are the actions of its people and if any person of the state objects to what the sovereign does then he is actually objecting himself (Machiavelli and Hobbes, 2005) Both Machiavelli and Hobbes both have helped us to get knowledge about political physiology. In order to differentiate between the concepts given by Machiavelli and Hobbes we have to view the methods used by them in their work. Hobbes was a well-known scholar of his time and put forward his political views into scientific forms. According to him if we examine politics from the perspective of science then we can reach to a conclusion and can create a peaceful state. In his book In de Corpore, he presented his views on mathematics, geometry, human nature and physics. He also presented the principles of political science in his book whereas Machiavelli found out how people behave or act in the world. He analyzed the behavior and actions of people and concluded the human nature. He wrote a book named Prince which was written during the Italian war, in which he found out about the selfish behavior of human being. He said that people behave in good manner when it is for their own