gene therapy :: essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gene Therapy Gene Therapy is the insertion of a gene or genes into cells in order to provide a new set of instructions to those cells. Gene insertion can be used to correct an inherited genetic defect which is causing disease, to counter or correct the effects of a genetic mutation, or even to program a cell for an entirely new function or property. Genes are composed of molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA (see Nucleic Acids), and are usually located in the nucleus of cells. The instructions that direct the development of an organism are encoded within the genes. Some diseases such as cystic fibrosis are caused by an inherited genetic defect. Other diseases are caused by a miscoding of a gene so that the instructions it contains are disrupted or changed. Genetic miscoding occurs when the DNA in a cell is being duplicated during cell growth and division (somatic mutation) and is common when a cell becomes cancerous. Clinical use of gene therapy began on September 14, 1990, at the National I nstitute of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, when a four-year-old girl received gene therapy treatment for adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency, an ordinarily fatal inherited disease of the immune system. Because of this genetic defect she was susceptible to recurrent life-threatening infections. Gene therapy for this patient involved using a genetically modified virus to carry a normal ADA gene into her immune cells. The inserted ADA gene then programmed the cells to produce the missing ADA enzyme, which led to normal immune function in those cells. This treatment temporarily helped her to develop resistance to infection. Gene therapy may eventually provide effective treatment for many diseases that currently have no cure. These include inherited disorders such as cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy, and juvenile diabetes. In addition, gene therapy can also be used to treat many disorders that are not inherited, since gene insertion can also program a cell for an entirely new function . Several new therapies for non-genetic disorders are currently being tested.

Difference between memory and knowledge Essay

Memory is the mental faculty of retaining and recalling past experience. It’s a very complex system and to understand it there have been many theories that attempt to explain it. In order to help me answer this question, I will look at the theorist JM Gardiner, along with other theorists such as Tulving, Mandler and Schacter in order to help me conclude if they are the same thing, inter-related or completely different. Tulving (1985), distinguished between two quite different recollective experiences: remembering, which is someone’s concrete awareness of oneself (autonoetic consciousness) in the past, which is driven by the prefrontal cortex, allows people to mentally represent past, present, and future experiences in a highly personal and subjective manner. And knowing, which is your abstract knowledge (noetic consciousness) of the past, which is the feeling that we know certain information and that the information is objective rather than subjective. Gardiner and colleagues (Gardiner & Java, 1990, 1993; Gardiner, Richardson-Klavhen, & Ramponi, 1997) developed a test in which participants are given a recognition task for a list of common words viewed earlier and classify each of the recognized items as something they remember (R response) or know (K response), was on the study list. Participants received detailed instructions so that their R responses and K responses reflect retrieval from episodic and semantic memory. For example, participants are told to make R responses to test items that they can consciously reexperience from the study list (e.g., participants make R responses to test items because in their mind’s eye, they consciously recollect seeing those words on the study list). In contrast, participants are told to make K responses to test items if they (a) are certain those were on the study list but (b) have no specific personal or contextual recollection of the items’ previous presentation. The use of this technique has shown that some independent variables (e.g., dividing attention at study) affect the frequency of R, but not K, responses, whereas other variables have the exact opposite influence. Memory of a personal life event may be categorized as a K response, which is  relatively impersonal and objective. A memory qualifies as a K response if people know a great deal about the details of a previous event but do not mentally reexperience the exact perceptual, contextual, and emotional details of the original event. Gardiner’s remember-know distinction maps are similar to that of Mandler’s (1980) distinction between recognition by retrieval and recognition by familiarity. Recognition by retrieval involves remembering an event as an event, including the personal, time and place context in which the event occurred; in contrast, recognition by familiarity involves a feeling that some event occurred in the past, in the absence of conscious recollection of that event. For Gardiner, Remember judgments reflect recognition by retrieval, while Know judgments reflect recognition by familiarity. An alternative framework is provided by Schacter’s (1987) distinction between explicit and implicit memory. The hippocampus is important in the formation of explicit memories. They involve the conscious recollection of an experience from the past. Due to the hippocampus not fully developing until about the age of 3, this explains why we can’t remember events prior to this, a condition known as infantile amnesia. The cerebellum seems important in the formation of implicit memories which are memory-based changes in behaviour that occur independent of, and in the classic case in the absence of, conscious recollection. Contexual information can be defined as information associated with memory which enables that memory to be distinguished from all others. Hewitt (1973) proposed a distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic context. A change in intinsic arises when some aspect of the target changes (ie the colour of their hair), whereas a change in extrinsic is the change in information accompanying the target (ie meeting someone in somewhere you wouldn’t expect them to be). In Gardiner’s case, remembering reflects explicit memory, while knowing reflects implicit memory. There are at least three varieties of recollective experience: firstly remembering which involves the conscious recollection of some past event, as an explicit expression of episodic memory; knowing which is the abstract  knowledge of that event, as an item in semantic memory; and feeling is the intuition that an event occurred in the past, as an implicit expression of episodic memory. So for example, semantic memory enables a man to know what the term birthday refers to and that he celebrated his last birthday by having dinner at a particular restaurant with his wife, whereas episodic memory allows that same man to reexperience from a personal and subjective point of view the sights, sounds, smells, and feelings that accompanied that dinner. Metamemory is our ability to know whether or not our memories contain a particular piece of information. An example might be failing to recall the capital of France (Paris) but knowing that you would recognise it if you saw it – this is an ability known as a feeling of knowing. These experiences are familiar to anyone who has ever taken a multiple-choice test. Sometimes, we choose a response because we remember the circumstances under which we learnt it. Or on other occasions, we choose a response because we just know the answer, it’s part of our knowledge about the world, and we don’t remember the circumstances under which we learned the answer. Tulving and Gardiner believe that remember and know judgments are based on retrieval from different memory systems: episodic and semantic memory, perhaps, or explicit and implicit memory. However, it could also be that â€Å"remember† and â€Å"know† are based on retrieval from a single memory system, and that the categories of remember, know, and so forth are substitutes for different levels of confidence associated with the recognition judgments. Both Tulving (1985) and Gardiner (1988) have rejected this interpretation, even though Tulving actually gathered evidence favouring it. Tulving’s subjects studied 36 words, and then made Yes/No recognition judgments, confidence ratings (on a 3 point scale), and Remember/Know ratings. The average confidence rating associated with Remember judgments was 2.74, while that of Know judgments was 2.08. However, Gardiner & Java (1990) argued that confidence ratings affect Remember/Know judgments. People may base their confidence ratings on their recollective experience, so that the two are not independent. In their 2nd  experiment, the subjects studied 60 items, 30 words and 30 non words, and then made Yes/No recognition judgments followed by Remember/Know ratings. The result was a double dissociation: more words received remember than know judgments, while the reverse was true for nonwords. In the 3rd experiment which was identical to the 2nd, except the people being tested classified recognized items into â€Å"Sure† and â€Å"Unsure† categories. This time there was no dissociation. Rajaram (1993) performed a similar pair of experiments, with similar results, and came to same conclusion. Substituting Sure/Unsure ratings for Remember/Know judgments got rid of the dissociations observed with Remember/Know, so both Gardiner and Java (1990) and Rajaram (1993) conclude that Remember/Know is not merely a substitute for confidence. Although the Remember/Know distinction is commonly interpreted in terms of different memory systems, it is suspected instead that these different memories reflect retrieval of different information from a single common store. Know judgments require retrieval only of information from a list, while remember judgments seem to require retrieval of information about spatiotemporal context, and you need to experience the event yourself. Knowing and remembering something are very similar, the definition of to know is to have fixed in the mind, recognize and have experience of, and the definition of remember is to retain in memory, to think of again. In order to know something it can be quite impersonal, general information about things such as the is the prime minister, this is the semantic memory, however in order to remember something you need to know specific details about the event such as going on holiday, you remember the sights and sounds and the feelings you experienced, this is the episodic memory. In order to remember you need to be able to retrieve information, remember an event as an event, whereas to know you need to just be familiar with it, have a feeling that some event may have occurred before. So to say there is a difference between knowing and remembering something is hard, there are clear cut differences as explained, however without one we couldn’t have the other, they are inter-related. It is all the same memory system in which we use to know or to remember something. It is the different  processes and different levels of experience or relation to you that makes them different. References †¢Gardiner, J.M., & Java, R.I. (1990). Recollective experience in word and nonword recognition. Memory & Cognition, 18, 23-30. †¢Memory and amnesia, 2nd edition, Alan J Parker, page 17-18,33, 36,116†¢Memory observed, remembering in natural contexts, 2nd edition, Ulric Neisser, Ira E. Hayman, jr. Page 109†¢Psychology powerpoint – Memory II – Lecture 3: Theories of Short and Long Term Memory, 2005, University of Glamorgan. †¢Rybash, John M.; Monaghan, Brynn E, Episodic and semantic contributions to older adults’ autobiographical recall, The Journal of General Psychology. 126 no1 (Jan. ’99) p. 85-96. †¢Schacter, D.L. (1987). Implicit memory: History and current status. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 501-518. †¢Tulving, E. (1972). Episodic and semantic memory. In E. Tulving & W. Donaldson (Eds.), Organization of memory (pp. 381-403). New York: Academic Press. †¢Tulving, E. (1985). Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychology, 1-12. †¢Your Memory A user’s guide, Alan Baddeley, Page 13, 75-76,81,94-95,

Evaluate the Successes and Failures of Chinas Ethnic Relations Policy in Xinjiang - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2305 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/03/18 Category Analytics Essay Level High school Tags: Failure Essay Did you like this example? Peoples Republic of China is known as a newly emerged economic power in international arena, which has become a powerful state with great involvement in international cooperation, peace promotion and trade market. Yet, being one of the top countries in the world, it also has its specific region â€Å" Xinjiang â€Å" which is viewed as an ambiguous issue by both Western and Asian scientists. After the introduction of the Chinese governments special policy on the development of this region, Xinjiang which is located in the Western part of China, has turned out to be more populated by Chinese population rather than ethnic minorities who used to live in that area for a long time. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Evaluate the Successes and Failures of Chinas Ethnic Relations Policy in Xinjiang" essay for you Create order After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Central Asian countries became independent, and Xinjiang played a key role in connecting with those neighbouring countries. Thus, the Chinese government started to pay more attention to the western part of the country, developing agricultural sector and natural resources production within the last decades. However, such a sudden switch of the economic development direction and active state involvement in regions affairs was unexpected by most of regional dwellers. By saying locals, it is meant that this particular region is inhabited by ethnic minorities, such as Uyghurs, Dunguns, Kazakhs, Mongols, and other nationalities; and after the regions development Han Chinese representatives were also settling in this area, leaving their permanent residences in eastern and central parts of China. However, the first issue to pay attention to was not only economic development or industrialisation, but the educational sphere of the region. As the policy was aimed at changing all structures of the region, the innovations in educational institutions were not exceptional. The reason why I draw attention to the educational sector is that the young are those who are going to lead the country in the near future, who inherit all knowledge and experience to keep going in the pace of already developed state, making it more prosperous. Hence, in order to prevent any possible consequences of the newly formed mixture of various nationalities, first of all, there should be policies or reforms concerned the educational system. Xinjiang has become a culturally diverse place and needed assistance to enhance cooperation and collaboration of every citizen, taking into account particularities of religious, national and cultural matters. Moreover, viewing the current status quo of Chinese success in economic development and trade (second economy in the world), I suppose that the successes of implemented policies and measures outweigh some negative aspects that are likely to exist due to imperfection and externalities which are natural to human societies. Different views were also expressed by several scholars who have contributed by writing articles and doing researches in this specific topic of Xinjiang and its educational sphere and general transformation of Western part of China. The articles provide information not only about the ways of policys implementation and expected outcomes, but also the results achieved within the next several years. Certainly, it is quite difficult to work out perfect strategy with no drawbacks; therefore there are a few disadvantages that appeared during the policys accomplishment. Although my main argument is more concentrated on the education sphere of Xinjiang, the first article represents a general view of the regional development strategy and it creates a full picture of what the development in the western part of the country is about. Then, the next two articles support the point that education is vital aspect that the government paid attention to and did best to develop and promote good level of education for the growing generation of ethnic minorities. The first literature is called Ethnic Minorities in Chinas Official Discourse on the Western Development Project by V. Elena Barabantseva (2009). The purpose of the paper was to assess the consequences of Chinese official development discourse stated in Western Development Program (WDP) launched in 2000 and evaluate localization and citizenship matters by relying on the official sources, including Chinese scholars and experts. As soon as the project went into force, In the first year after the official launch of the campaign more than 600.000 Han Chinese moved into the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (Barabantseva 2009, p.12). So, the government made a decision to attract Han Chinese citizens to come in order to contribute in the welfare of Xinjiang with the help of their knowledge, experience, and professional skills. Certainly, in most cases, such diverse representatives of different cultures could possibly result in interests collision; therefore, the authorities sought desire to pacify â€Å" or harmonize and stabilize â€Å" the states orders and hoped that a growing economy will enrich the local inhabitants and security problems and separatist tensions will decline as a result (Barabantseva 2009, p.13). On the one hand, the project gave a green light for the rapid development, opening new doors for those who are interested in improving the region, not splitting society into different nationalitie s who are allowed to work and who are not. However, on the other hand, there was a newly emerged issue of ethnic minorities being localized, i.e. ethnic minorities who experience difficulties to take part in social and economic modification on the same terms as Han Chinese. According to E. Barabantseva (2009), Ethnic minorities [] are associated with backwardness, underdevelopment, and stagnation among other derogatory characteristics (p.8). One more interesting point that the author argued about is connected with poverty issue. It is considered that the ethnic minorities are nearly a half of the poor in China (Barabantseva 2009, p.21). However, after having thoroughly investigated this question, it has become clear that indeed Shanxi Province which is officially exclusively Han, had some of the worst economic indicators in the country (Barabantseva 2009, p.20). Hence, it probably may turn out that the WDP program aimed at the growing development level in Xinjiang could have reached partly its goals, supporting this regions development actions. Yet, there are also some disadvantages of the strategy related to the different level of income paid to Han Chinese and ethnic minorities, i.e. despite the fact that both representatives of society live together and share common norms and aims, ethnic minorities get lower wages in comparison with Han Chinese (Barabantseva 2009, p.21). Overall, the article is successful in accomplishing its main tasks provided in thesis: explanation of the matters of citizenship, localization and mentioning of inequality and poverty issues; revealing of the WDP strategy and its aims, expressed in economic development and unity of multinational population. However, due to the fact that the article was written in 2009, only nine years after the implementation of such global and important program, there is not enough information to find and see results of a longer term than a decade, especially taking into account the fact that such huge projects are known as long-term strategies that are difficult to be accomplished fully within short period of time. Regarding the methodology used by the author, it is a discourse analysis, which is neither qualitative nor quantitative method, but it discusses basic issues by providing evidence and authors reflections. Thus, such approach is suitable for this article, as it goes straight to the points of the strategy and analyzes important matters of the program. One more work written on the theme related to education is called The Xinjiang Class: Education, Integration, and the Uyghurs by Timothy A.Grose. The paper examined efficiency of the specific policy for Xinjiang middle school-aged students who got an opportunity to study for free during the last four years in eastern part of China. The aim of the program was improve the level of education and skills of Xinjiang students who come from ethnic minorities families, thus integrating them into one united Chinese society. Although the authors main argument was pro-resistance of Uyghur students to integrate in Han society, there are several strong points that reveal positive consequences on the general education level and good intention of the government to educate the population of its state. Providing Uyghurs with an inexpensive education has been portrayed in the Chinese media as the CCP acting as a kind parent (Grose 2010, p.7). The government created special conditions to attract and motivate students to take part in such program and learn not only the Chinese language, but also to become more experienced and skillful after having been graduated. The conditions comprised lowered standards on the college entrance exam, adding bonus points and instituting a quota systems at universities in Xinjiang (Grose 2010, pp.4-5). Moreover, there are specific provisions in meal and holidays celebrations created with respect to Muslims society, such as halal cafeterias with Chinese Muslims or Uyghur chefs, and Nauryz and Kurban holidays (Grose 2010, p.6). But, the author also drew attention to the policy seen more as a political mechanism to instill ideas of ethnic unity (Grose 2010, p.6). The author also provided examples with interviews (as a part of methodology) taken from Xinjiang Class graduates who were mostly Uyghurs and Kazakhs. The interviewees shared their own experience after graduation and in most cases were less satisfied with their studies, claiming that the interaction with Han students was quite uncomfortable, and the language used in speaking among their friends was more Uyghur outside the classroom rather than Chinese (Grose 2010, p.8). The author assumed that despite positive characteristics of the program, it has failed, but it can be seen through the paper that CCP has implemented pretty organized system for educating pupils for their better skills and knowledge. The failure described by author is expressed in less integration with Han Chinese and low level of satisfaction by graduated students. However, there is one more important factor of necessary integration of students with Han as they are going to work together for improving Xinjiang region and be more tied and united in the future. The article was also written 8 years ago which says that there were only two generations of graduates of Xinjiang Class, and now as the situation in international arena has changed, the outcomes and improvements are highly to happen. The rapid economic growth, international collaboration particularly with Central Asian states could have improved the system and made CCP introduce amendments to replace drawbacks with positive cha nges. In comparison to the previous articles methodology, this article has advantage in conducting interviews from first sources, from those who were part of the program and are credible and reliable source of information. Yet, at the same time, the relevance of the data is becoming less important as the status quo of the countries, including political and economic changes, are changing from day to day rapidly. The last article to review is called Bilingual Education in Xinjiang in the Post-2009 period by Sonika Gupta and R.Veena (2016). The article demonstrates the changes in educational policies after 2009 known for ethnic riots that signaled the government that it should have been reconsidered, taking into account linguistic issues of ethnic minorities at educational institutions. One more work concludes that, although the central government provides suitable and appropriate conditions for educational purposes, there are newly emerging obstacles during studying process which rather disintegrate minorities from Chinese society. Yet, in the paper, there is much more evidence of the official information and measures introduced in favor of ethnic minorities interests which overweight negative sides of the question. For instance, 2014 Xinjiang Conference with the participation of leader Xi Jinping pointed out the introduction of new conditions in minority-dominated regions and stressed the ro le of ethnic unity as crucial to developing stability in Xinjiang (Global Times 2014b, as cited in Gupta and Veena 2016). Also, the state proposed subsidies for inter-racial marriages and Uyghurs migration out of Xinjiang alongside with the improvement of inter-ethnic communication between the two nations (Gupta and Veena 2016, p.8). The policy amendments introduced after 2009 seemed to introduce improvements in the policies and prevent other riots or misunderstandings in the region. According to the official sources, there were new implementations at schools by training teachers to learn both languages for teaching purposes and more disbursement given to Xinjiang students who enjoyed special conditions while studying at high schools. Concerning an issue about the learning of Putonghua (standard Chinese) in kindergarten, it helps children to be more prepared for school, as they will be able both to study and interact with Han Chinese. Thus, such innovation appears to benefit the children who will be bilingual since the early childhood and probably will not have difficulties with studying on Putonghua and may have certain advantages towards a future career. Analyzing and comparing two articles, it has become clear that the western part of China remains an important region with its specificity in multi ethnicity and linguistic matters. Yet, the central government has introduced a number of measures and created special conditions to foster the young who wish to study and be more skillful and competitive with Han Chinese. The first two articles have revealed the results of the projects like Western Development Policy and Xinjiang Class by 2009 and the third article showed that despite the creation of good environment for development in Xinjiang, both in economic and educational spheres, there was huge necessity to reconsider and amend the policy due to appraisals happened in 2009 in Urumqi. However, in spite of some failures that the system experienced, the region overall could reach high rates of GDP and overall budget rise since 2000s. According to news article Xinjiangs economy growth 7.6% in 2016 (2017), The regions GDP reached 961.7 billion yuan ($139.8 billion) in 2016 with continued expansion of the tertiary sector, which made up 57 percent of the regions gross domestic product in the first three quarters. Hence, the overall development and integration of ethnic minorities could have progressed since the beginning of the 21st century and the policies worked well to accomplish main purposes. The State Council Information Office of the PRC provided that By the end of 2016, there were 107 public libraries, 90 museums, 53 galleries, 119 cultural centers, and 1,170 township (community) cultural activity venues, all offering free access to the public (China SCIO 2017).

An Insight Into Contemporary British And Indian Societies

With reference to contemporary Britain and one other society, explain ways in which the societies are held together through common cultures but are also unequal and divided. This essay will demonstrate some key concepts in sociology by providing an insight into how contemporary British and Indian societies have held together through common cultures but are unequal and divided. It will explain how shared culture, social organisation, values and norms between the two societies may help produce stability and conformity within themselves. It will also highlight that there are systematic differences between societies in relation to key sociological concepts. The text will demonstrate this by into different aspects of their cultures featuring its norms and values, marriage and families, stratification and Inequalities whilst attempting to link these to two key sociological theories. Norms are considered to be standard, especially of social behaviour that is expected, whereas values are the Principles or standards of behaviour of what is important in life.(OFORD: Online) Contemporary Britain has many norms and values in contrast to Indian culture. The United Kingdom is a crowded country. People cope with this situation by being reserved and apprehensive in public, politely ignoring strangers, quietly minding their own business. (BYRON, 2001) Even though in British culture it is considered normal to be reserved and reserved in public, in the contrary Indian culture is veryShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of Rudyard Kipling s The Jungle Books 1275 Words   |  6 Pagesconclusions made by a British appreciating India. The creator liked its magnificence from the purpose of a colonizer, who was influenced that Britain had a particular job to be a leader of India. This made Kipling highlight specific characteristics of both his British and Indian fictional characters. 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The Great Depression Essay - 1716 Words

Most everyone has at least heard of the Great Depression that hit America by storm in the early twentieth century. Even though people are taught about the Great Depression, I personally think that a lot of people do not understand the severity that it caused and the livelihoods that it forever changed. The Great Depression, which lasted over a period of ten years, resulted in a lot of heartache for many nations worldwide (Fraser, 2010). As for the United States, the worst of the Great Depression harbored between 1929 through 1933 (Fraser, 2010). The Great Depression went down into history as being the worst traumatic economic moment for the United States (Paul Evans). It is still recognized for being the longest and severe depression that†¦show more content†¦The decline of economic output was mainly due to a decline in aggregate demand (Bernstein). One of the main causes that contributed to the Great Depression’s radical decline of economic output was the New York st ock market crash of 1929 (Romer). Leading up to the great crash of 1929, was the steady increase of stock prices between 1921 through 1929. In order to slow the growing prices of the stock market, the Federal Reserve stepped in and increased interest rates. With the increase of interest rates people stopped purchasing as much, especially in areas such as manufacturing, which in turn reduced production (James, Spring 2010). By the fall of 1929, stock prices reached an overwhelming low, and people started panicking. This lead to what we now refer to as â€Å"Black Thursday†, which occurred on October 24, 1929. On the following Tuesday, stock process hit an all time low which will forever be remembered as â€Å"Black Tuesday† (Romer). Since many of the stocks had been purchased on margin by using loans secured by only a small fraction of the stock’s actual value, the overwhelming price decline forced many to liquidate their holdings (James, Spring 2010). During thi s time, the stock prices for the United States declined a devastating thirty-three percent (Paul Evans). This terrified people, which unsurprisingly lead them to not purchasing items like they had originally. When people stopped spending like they normally did, this caused a chain reactionShow MoreRelatedThe Depression Of The Great Depression1223 Words   |  5 Pagesfar-reaching consequences as the Great Depression. This experience was the most extended and severe depression of the Western world. It was an economic downturn that began in 1929 and lasted until 1939. A large amount of America’s labor force lost their jobs and suffered during this crisis. 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Shannon there was much more to the great depression. It was a time of prosperity an economic change. Women and men were discovering who they were and their value to societyRead MoreThe Great Depression1551 Words   |  6 PagesThe Great Depression was one of the most devastating events recorded in history. The nation as a whole plummeted in one econ omic downfall. Few individuals escaped the effects of the depression. The hardship of unemployment and the loss of homes and farms were a large portion of the pain caused by the economic crisis. Through all of these sufferings, women had a large impact on society. Women faced heavy discrimination and social criticism during the Depression Even though through research it is provenRead MoreThe Great Depression1186 Words   |  5 Pagesfriends is the true definition of of what the Great Depression really was. It was a time that most people want to never remember or ever happen again. You would think the United States would have learned from their mistakes but it seems we are going down the same road once again without even taking a step back and realizing it. When people talk about the Great Depression not a single person will have anything good to say about it. It caused families a great deal of pain that they will never forget. WithRead MoreThe Great Depression1368 Words   |  6 PagesAfter WW1 the Great Depression had a very late impact on the major film companies in France, when it did, it unfortunately caused several film studios to go bankrupt, then in the late 1920’s to 1930’s many small film companies and groups emerged giving birth to the tendency called poetic realism. Because the large companies who made films with a focus on making money were gone the filmmakers and artists were able to concern themselves with the art of film, they often took poetic innovations thatRead MoreThe Great Depression1133 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The only thing we have to fear is fear itself,† is a famous quote once said during the Great Depression by Franklin D. Roosevelt. After one world war, great financial fallout, and another world war to follow, the twentieth century was already shaping out to be a handful. When the Great Depression was coming to an end and the economy was trying to turn around, jobs started opening up and a new wave of imm igrants came into New York, the Puerto Ricans. For some the American dream was to come to

Performance Management Systems Rater Eras Associated

Question: Discuss about thePerformance Management Systemsfor Rater Eras Associated. Answer: Thumbay Group is a good example of modern day complex organization consisting of different diversified businesses under one umbrella. It has its headquarters situated in DIFC, Dubai in the United Arab Emirates. The group was founded almost twenty years ago and deals in variety of business operations, including medical services, real estate business, publishing technology, trading and marketing and educational services among others, with an employment network of over 3000 employees. Thumbay Group just as any other top organization has its set goals through their vision, mission, and their core values. Their vision revolves around the ambition of becoming number one business house on international terms and to exert their global presence. Their set mission is to rise up as undisputed global business group, delivering quality services to all the people in different social spectrum, with integrity, inspiration, satisfaction and hence earning loyalty and trust among its community members. The Thumbay Group leadership constitutes of the top management comprising mainly of the president, vice president and the board members while another operational management constitutes of the corporate team which is headed by the president, directors and managers of various departments within the organization. However, it is important to note that in their corporate team of managers, the Thumbay Group has both a manager specifically in charge of talent acquisition or simply recruitment, as well as a Human Resources manager. This brings the role of the HR department in to question within the organization, as it is traditionally known that recruitment processes is a task mostly performed by the human resource management department in typically large business entities (Sava?, 2006). The Strategic Alignment of Human Resources Alignment in the business context refers to the strategic arrangement of people, processes and organizational structures that are important for the firms business success (Performance Dimensions Group, 2013). The process of alignment is a strategic process that involves human resource department in the organization. The HR department in the organization is the one responsible for setting policies, strategies and practices that aligns with the organizational culture and main agenda for the best results. According to (Heneman III Milanowski, 2007), in most instances in many organizations, strategic human resources managements role is to identify and select those human resource practices that are in line with the strategic goals of the organization. Thumbay Group focuses on more than one business sector. Under it there are a number of businesses operating in different sectors which means the market structure for their products and services differ according to the type of the business. Furthermore, the difference in business operations necessitated the need to have different human resource departments relevant for every business and its strategies. The need for human resource alignment is relevant in this scenario. (Heneman III Milanowski, 2007) further adds that in order to add an aligned human resource system within an organization such as Thumbay Group, the firm must first review the existing human resource alignment in order to get in-depth concept on how well different human resource practices are aligned in order to devise good basis on developing well aligned human resource practices. But all this depends on the organizational priorities and what they want to achieve from their human resource teams. The clear strategic role of human resource department in Thumbay Group is not quite clear. The diversified nature of many business operations under the group means that there is need for different strategies to suit one another in achieving the heights set by the group. But within the organization, the various businesses have different specific targets they want to achieve, e.g. the business in the real estate industry has a different agenda with the business in tourism and hospitality industry. Therefore, there is need of strategic planning using coordinated human resource practices (Burma, 2014); (Wright Nishii, 2007). Thumbay Group performance management team constitutes of two main departments; the HR department and Talent acquisition Department each headed by its own manager. The human resource team majorly deals with the administrative roles relating to employee welfare while the talent acquisition team deals with acquiring the new required workforce. Therefore there is no strategic alignment between two departments supposed to be under one HR department. This explains the fact that some strategic roles of HR are rapidly underutilized even in more complex organizations. According to (Righeimer, 2006), most HR departments are too focused on administrative functions to the point that their strategic roles are terribly overlooked. There is a widespread belief that in recent days, human resource management has taken more strategic roles that are aligned with the organizations visions, values and missions (Alnaqbi, 2011). However, Thumbay Group is seemingly utilizing its HR more on talent development and training within the organization. But it is also worth acknowledging the fact that the groups businesses operating in different industries in Middle East makes it a very uphill task to have successfully aligned HR departments. The successful alignment of HR departments depends with organizational set up and the set goals. How to Best Enhance Alignment Most competent organizations gain their competitive edge over others through the skilled and motivated workforce who are strategically aligned through HR functions (Teena Sanjay, 2014). Strategic alignment means that all departments work towards the same course. Alignment is when different human resource functions are coordinated together to realize the organizations performance competencies and effectiveness. Human resource can be used as a vibrant strategic tool (Hussain Ahmad, 2012). If effectively utilized, an organization can greatly benefit from its application. What organizations such as Thumbay Group need to do is utilize their HR departments more strategically than administratively. With a big network of businesses operating in different industries, having one HR department will not be enough to cater for all the strategic needs of every business entity under the group. Therefore, with such a large group of businesses, what the top management needs to do is to establish a human resource department for every single business under the group. With these several HR departments addressing specific business interests, it becomes much easier when they work in unison under one head HR department strategically to realize the organizations set goals. Aligning these HR departments will enhance strategic operations between them, hence driving the organization performance and effectiveness forward. In todays world, most business organizations are defined by the intensified global competition, but only good strategies win this battle of wit. The role of managers has changed over time, which is creating favourable conditions for willing enthusiastic workers (Kumar, 2009), and with these changes, the alignment of performance management systems is also necessary. Conclusively human resource alignment within organization spreads work coordination across all work levels evenly. Alignment enhances specialization towards the same goal which means workers from different departments operate together with the same vision of pulling together efforts that are driven towards attaining the set goals. Alignment in big and complex firms such as Thumbay Group with different business entities is the only way the organization can achieve its HR strategic goals. Therefore for the Thumbay Group to realize strategic goals from HR department, the organization should have set up a HR department for every business under the group operating in different industries. With coordination of these HR departments, in various industries such as Tourism and hospitality industry, Medical industry and Education Industry among others; the work flow and sharing of ideas from different industries to the main HR management would act as a brainstorming basis for setting the strategic goals the company wants to achieve. With one of the companys goals being expanding its business to global operation status, Thumbay Group can achieve beyond their expectation if they trust their HR department beyond just recruitment of new talent and administrative works within the organization. Limiting the HR to only internal coordination of the organization underutilizes its potential and what it can achieve for the firm. The company also loses on a lot of strategic diversity and the new ideas that HR departments should bring to the Table. Human resource is very crucial part of the organization and when best utilized through alignment, the organization can reap great strategic goals. References Alnaqbi, W. (2011). The relationship between human resource practices and employee retention in public organisations : an exploratory study conducted in the United Arab Emirates. . Edith Cowan University . Burma, Z. A. (2014). Human Resource Management and Its Importance for Todays Organizations. International Journal of Education and Social Science , 85-94. Heneman III, H. G., Milanowski, A. T. (2007). ANALYZING HUMAN RESOURCE PRACTICES ALIGNMENT. Strateic Management of Human Capital , 2-22. Hussain, M., Ahmad, M. (2012). Mostly Discussed Research areas in Human Resource Management (HRM) A Literature Review . International Journal of Economics and Management Sciences , 10-17. Kumar, A. (2009). The Strategic Role of Human Resources Management. . Performance Dimensions Group. (2013). Strategic HR Alignment: Ensuring Your Human Resources Functions are Working With Your Organization, Not Against. Available at: pdgroup.net/strategichr/ Righeimer, P. J. (2006). Aligning Human Resources Strategic Plans. Maverick Energy. Sava?, A. (2006). Eleman Seiminde Yetkinlik Bazl? Mlakat Teknikleri . ?stanbul: Anka Matbaac?l?k. Teena, B., Sanjay, S. (2014). SHRM: Alignment of HR Function With Business Strategy. Strategic HR Review . Available at: dx.doi.org/10.1108/SHR-03-2014-0023 Wright, P. M., Nishii, L. H. (2007). Strategic HRM and Organizational Behavior: Integrating Multiple Levels of Analysis . Cornell University ILR School .

Slavery in Brazil

Introduction Slavery is a term used to refer to an affiliation of supremacy and obedience whereby one person possesses another and can extort from the possessed person labor or any other services. Slaves can be people detained against their will, bought or born into this dehumanizing way of life, they are denied the right to leave or to reject work, or even ask for reimbursement.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Slavery in Brazil specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Slavery in Brazil created the country’s societal arrangement and cultural background. All through the regal period, and for a period of more than six decades after the 1822 independence, slavery was one of the strongholds of the Brazil economy, in particular in the mining and sugar cane production sectors[1] Slave Trade in Brazil In the years after the 1500s Portuguese colonies situated in Brazil began to import African saves in large numbers. This was easy for them as the Portuguese were in control of several slave trade centres in the coast of West Africa where slaves were sold. African slaves became the preferred choice to work in big sugar cane plantations and mines as they were resilient to tropical diseases and heat and the fact that they were reluctant to run away from their masters was a good thing for the Portuguese as they made more money this way. Soon after the 1600’s African slaves were found to be engaged in all economic sectors of Brazil. This is because they were good workers who worked hard for their masters; rarely got sick and rarely run off into the jungle. Slave trade was abolished in May 1888 when Princess Isabel signed the; Lei Aurea, the ‘Golden Law’ that made slave trade illegal therefore legally putting an end to slavery in Brazil. The original script and the pen used to sign this document are preserved in the Brazilian national museum as it part of the history of Brazil. This sing le document freed the slaves and if it was not signed when it was, maybe slavery would have continued for much longer. Due to the ending of the slave trade in 1888 in Brazil, the African culture is still very pronounced especially in the Bahia and the Northeast. The African slaves still practiced and practice their native cultures, food, music, dance and customs all which are viewed in the pulsating cultural assortment that is now independent Brazil[2]. Abolition of slavery in Brazil Brazil was the last country in the Americas to abolish slave trade as slavery. The plight of slaves was noted down in literature that spoke out against slavery and spoke for the slaves themselves. Literature in Brazil included poems that spoke out against the suffering of slaves at the hands of their slave masters who in most cases were than not brutal. Abolitionist literature in Brazil was not limited and each and every person was allowed to freely express themselves and their feelings how they saw fit .Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More After independence in Brazil, antislavery appeals were found in local dailies and periodicals majority of these appeals however called for a stop to the slave trade and not slavery itself which is ironic. â€Å"In 1850, the travel of human slaves to Brazil was stopped due to the consequence of British political and naval pressure†[3]. Shortly after the stop of slave trade, literature and poetry that depicted free blacks and slaves positively began to make its way into the market, how ever these works did not openly criticize slavery on its own. Essays, poems, drama and novels began aggressively attacking slavery as a corrupting authority on white slave holders and as a hindrance on economic progress of the country as a whole. This catalyzed the process of abolishing slave trade and slavery itself and the slaves were set free to find and build the ir own lives away from the slave lives[4]. It took some years however before the literature works took centre stage in fighting against slavery and positively stating that the slaves should be set free. Arguments based on the sufferings of the slaves were the basis of majority of the literature works they talked about how much the slaves suffered under their masters and this brought about awareness concerning slavery. Some of the most famous abolitionist in Brazil include: Antonio Frederico de Castro Alves who was termed as the Conscience of Brazil due to his works that openly denounced slavery Os EScravos which contain poems like â€Å"Navio Negreiro: tragedia nomar†, â€Å" O Bandido Negro† and â€Å" Vozes d’Africa† published in 1883. Other poets; Silvio Romero and Valentim Magalhaes also fanned the flames of abolitionism with depictions of extreme brutality and inhumanity of slavery. On top of poems, novels were written that were against slavery and s lave trade for example; Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin published in 1852. This novel showed how innocent slaves suffered at the hands of their masters and their overseers. Joaquim Manuel de Macedo’s As Vitimas Algozes written in 1869 and Bernardo Guimaraes’s A Escrava Isaura written in 1875. O Abolicionismo by Joaquim Nabuco a statesman written in 1883 is widely noted and accepted as an abolitionist work for its common and political appeal. This book disproved of the underlying principle of pro-slavery forces used in opposition for the continuation of Brazilian slavery.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Slavery in Brazil specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is important to note that all the above mentioned works of literature were written before 1888 when the golden rule was signed. This is to show that these literature works played a major part in pushing for the abolishing o f slave trade and slavery in Brazil. They played a major role in abolishing slave trade and slavery in Brazil as they identified the pleas and cries of the slaves at the hand of their masters and spoke out these injustices for all people to know[5]. Ways in which Abolitionism was anti slavery and anti slave in Brazil There were quite a number of ways in which abolitionism was against anti slavery and anti slave in Brazil. This paper will discuss the moral, political, societal motivation behind the abolitionist movement not also forgetting the policies and plans employed in the abolitionist movement. These different ways in which abolitionism is looked upon as being both anti slavery and anti slave will help us understand not only the plight of the slaves but also why other people fought passionately for freedom of slaves and the abolition of slave trade. Looking at the moral point of view, citizens of Brazil had a number of reasons to be part of the abolitionist movement. Religion w as the first moral perspective to join the abolitionist movement, Christians who were at the forefront of this movement believed that it was the duty of the church to correct wrongs made by the society. Christians viewed slavery as wrong and believed that each person was equal in the eyes of God, so it should also be in the eyes of fellow mankind. Other secular movements joined the movement of abolitionist as they felt slavery was going against the basic foundations of the government as it brought about unfair torment that clearly spelled out inequality among human beings[6]. The economic and political view of slavery brought about questions of inequality as some politicians saw slavery as being unconstitutional. One of the goals of constitution was to bring equality to all man and slavery was a hindrance to this therefore, the politicians also joined in the abolitionist movement. Majority of the people were passionate about the cause of ending slavery that they formed a political p arty that specifically fought for the rights and freedoms of slaves. The fact that the constitution brought forth the equality of all mankind and that citizen also fought for the freedom of the slaves made the abolitionist movement stronger and more effective and finally slave trade and slavery was eradicated all together in Brazil[7]. Societal reforms were also a huge part of how abolitionist was anti slaves and anti slavery in Brazil. These societal reformers included groups of ethical and outstanding citizens who were concerned with church communities, or new group thinkers. These individuals made it their sole purpose to correct the wrongs of slavery and the wrongs in education, prisons and also voting rights.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These people wanted radical changes in the society that would make the society a much better place to live in for all people. People who joined the reformers were persuaded by the leaders’ views and they saw it as their responsibility to make changes in the society. The abolitionist movement in Brazil was both anti slave and anti slavery as to employ different ways and tactics to use in spreading the cause in order to get many supporters. One of the major ways of distributing the information they had was through use of leaflets that were distributed all over the countryside. These leaflets were used to tell people and educate them on the reasons they had for being against slavery and about why they wanted to end it. Novels, poems, stories and other literature works were also used in educating people on why slavery needed to be abolished thus getting support for the abolitionist movement. Organizations against slave trade and slavery also came into being and they fought for eq uality rights of the Brazilian slaves. These organizations got a lot of support as they were led by prominent people who were passionate about bringing an end to slave trade and slavery. Several revolts and riots organized by these organizations which included free and enslaved men fighting for their freedom this however led to the slaves being deported to Benin, Nigeria and Togo[9]. Conclusion In conclusion, slave trade and slavery was a booming business in the 1800’s. People were captured from their native lands and sailed hundreds of miles to work in plantations, mines under the cruelty and brutality if their masters. These people were also forced to work in their masters houses performing terrible acts that their overseers and masters demanded. Slaves were uprooted from their lives that they knew only to be forced to adapt to a whole new lifestyle that saw the treated far much worse than animals themselves. The brutality and cruelty of the masters brought about a lot of s uffering on the slaves as they were inflicted with wounds that would take a long time to heal not to mention that the punishments that were mostly beatings that at times resulted in death of the slaves. The slaves would at times result to witchcraft to quell the brutality of their master’s and at times the slaves killed their masters. Some slaves who opted not to run away continued suffering at the hands of their masters and overseers. The biggest issue about slavery was that some of the slaves were born into it and they knew no other life other than the life of submission, and following orders that resulted in punishment when one disobeyed. The brutality and cruelty of the masters of these slaves brought about activists that rose and fought against slavery and slave trade. These activists brought forth the abolitionist movement that fought for the freedom of all the slaves in Brazil. The abolitionist movement approached the issues of slavery and slaves from different view po ints that included the moral, political, societal motivation. These different view points by different people were all anti slave and anti slavery and pushed for reforms in the society that were going to be of help in getting freedom for the slaves. The ways in which the abolitionist movement spread it views in the countryside where majority of the population were slaves, helped in drumming up major support for the noble cause of putting an end to slavery and slaves. Through the distribution of pamphlets the abolitionist movement was able to educate the people and get a lot of manpower and individuals to participate in the riots and revolts that were arranged by organizations to drum up support that would fight against slavery and slaves. References Bentley, J. Ziegler, H. 2005. Traditions and encounters: A Global Perspective on the past. Mcgraw-Hill College. Creative commons. 2001. A Brief History of Slavery. Web. Diouf, S. A. 2009 ed. Fighting the Slave Trade: West African Strate gies. Athens: Ohio University Press. Mattoso, Katia M. de Querios 2004. To be a slave in Brazil, 1550-1888, Rutgers University Press. Richardson, K. 2009. Abolition- the Role of the individual in Effecting Change. Web. The Gale Group 2004 Nineteenth-Century Abolitionist Literature of Cuba and Brazil, the Gale Group, Inc. Farmington Hills. Footnotes Creative commons 2010. A Brief History of Slavery Mattoso, Katia M. de Querios 2004. To be a slave in Brazil, 1550-1888, Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0813511550 The Gale Group 2004 Nineteenth-Century Abolitionist Literature of Cuba and Brazil, the Gale Group, Inc. Farmington Hills The Gale Group 2004 The Gale Group 2004 Richardson, K. 2009 Abolition- the Role of the individual in Effecting Change Richardson, K 2009 Bentley, J. Ziegler, H. Traditions and encounters: A Global Perspactive on the past. Pp 781-805 Diouf, S. A. 2009 ed. Fighting the Slave Trade: West African Strategies. Athens: Ohio University Press This essay on Slavery in Brazil was written and submitted by user Isaac Callahan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.